SmallScale Biodiesel Production John Nowatzki Extension Ag Machine
Small-Scale Biodiesel Production John Nowatzki Extension Ag Machine Systems Specialist North Dakota State University 9/30/2020 1
Acknowledgements n Dennis P. Wiesenborn, Professor, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Department 9/30/2020 2
Biodiesel n n n 9/30/2020 Biodiesel Today What is Biodiesel? Oil Extraction and Preparation Processing Quality Factors Questions/Comments 3
US Biodiesel Production 864 million gallons projected for 2007 9/30/2020 4
US Biodiesel Plants Organization of producers, blenders & marketers 9/30/2020 864 million gallons per year. 5
US Biodiesel Plants 1. 7 billion gallons per year Organization of producers, blenders & marketers 9/30/2020 6
Bio-fuel Information Yield/Acre Ethanol Switchgrass Corn Wood Grain Straw Soybeans Sunflowers Canola 5 Tons 115 bu 1 10 Tons 2 Tons 32 bu 1 (1920 lb/ac) 1360 lb/ac 1 1375 lb/ac 1 80 gal/ton 400 gal/ac 2. 7 gal/bu 310 gal/ac 80 gal/ton 2 800 gal/ac 75 gal/ton 3 150 gal/ac 1. 48 gal/bu 47. 3 gal/ac 6 gal/cwt 82 gal/ac 5. 9 gal/cwt 81 gal/ac Biodiesel Processing Cost/gallon $1. 50 - 2. 00 $1. 10 $1. 50 - 2. 00 $. 50 (USDA estimate by 2012) (Current USDA Estimate) (Current USDA Estimate) 1. 10 -year average ND yields, ND Agricultural Statistics Service. 2. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Bioethanol Multi-Year Technical Plan, Preliminary Draft (Golden, CO, July 1999). 3. Iogen Corporation, Ottowa, CA 9/30/2020 7
What is Biodiesel? n Processed engine fuel made from vegetable oils, waste cooking oil and animal fats n B 100 – Pure Biodiesel n ASTM D 6751 Standard 9/30/2020 8
Seed Preparation n Remove Extraneous Material Screening u Pass Over Magnet u 9/30/2020 9
Oil Extraction n n Expeller Pressing or Solvent Extraction Heat Seeds Crush Seeds Oil Extraction Crude Oil u Cake u « 15% 9/30/2020 Oil 10
Oil Preparation n Degumming u (May not be Necessary) Remove Phospholipids (gums) « Water Wash • Remove all Water • Water - fatty acids form salts • Heat to 120°C « Acid Degumming « Settling 9/30/2020 11
Waste Cooking Processing n n n Remove the Solids Remove Gums Determine Level of Free Fatty Acids Too high retards or stop processing u May require titration u « Method of determining the amount of acids present in the oil « Indicates amount of catalyst to use 9/30/2020 12
Processing n Chemical Reaction Oil plus Alcohol u Yields Esters + Glycerin u « Catalyst n - Potassium Hydroxide Proportions: (In theory) 10 parts oil - 1 part alcohol u 10 parts biodiesel - 1 part glycerin u n Requires Excess Alcohol (In practice) u 9/30/2020 10 parts oil – 2 parts alcohol 13
Biodiesel Washing n Removes remaining: – Catalyst – Methanol – Glycerol – Soaps – Gums n n 9/30/2020 Add water to top of oil u Water collects at bottom u Repeat until clear water Heat for 1 hour at 248 F 14
Quality Factors n ASTM standard D 6751 u 18 factors « Purity « Storage « Cold Weather Properties « Engines Operation Complete Conversion u Catalyst and Glycerin Removed u 9/30/2020 15
Biodiesel Quality Factors American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) specifications. Biodiesel Standard: ASTM D 6751 9/30/2020 16
Quality Factors n n Total Glycerin - Incomplete Reaction Free Glycerin - Incomplete Washing May Separate in Storage u Clogs Filters u n Total Acid number Methanol Carryover u Effects on Seals and Hoses u 9/30/2020 17
Small-Scale Equipment 50 gal in 2 hours -$12, 675. 00 BK-300 Bio. King_Netherlands 50 gal in 60 hours - $7, 995. 00 Bio. Pro_190 SSI Indiana. 40 gal in 24 hours - $2, 495. 00 Home Biodiesel_Bentonville, AR. 9/30/2020 80 gal in 8 hours-$6, 800. 00 Ester Machine B 100 Supply_Georgia. 18
More Information John Nowatzki Extension Ag Machine Systems Specialist North Dakota State University Telephone: 701 -231 -8213 Email: John. Nowatzki@ndsu. edu http: //www. ag. ndsu. nodak. edu/abeng/energy_efficiency/ 9/30/2020 19
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