Small Scale Crustal Change Deformation of Earths Crust

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Small Scale Crustal Change: Deformation of Earth’s Crust Earth Science Mr. Cloud 1906 San

Small Scale Crustal Change: Deformation of Earth’s Crust Earth Science Mr. Cloud 1906 San Francisco Earthquake

Original Horizontality Sediment is always deposited horizontally ¡ Rocks form in horizontal layers that

Original Horizontality Sediment is always deposited horizontally ¡ Rocks form in horizontal layers that run parallel to the ground ¡ ¡ Strata: layers of rock

Deformed Layers ¡ Faulted: Rocks that have been offset or displaced

Deformed Layers ¡ Faulted: Rocks that have been offset or displaced

Types of Faults

Types of Faults

Deformed Layers ¡ Folded: Rocks that have been bent or curved

Deformed Layers ¡ Folded: Rocks that have been bent or curved

Mr. Cloud producing lateral strain! Look how he produces folds in rock! Deformation in

Mr. Cloud producing lateral strain! Look how he produces folds in rock! Deformation in ACTION!

Deformed Layers ¡ Uplift: Layers that have been raised.

Deformed Layers ¡ Uplift: Layers that have been raised.

Earthquake! An earthquake is a natural rapid shaking of the lithosphere caused by the

Earthquake! An earthquake is a natural rapid shaking of the lithosphere caused by the release of energy stored in rocks. ¡ Most earthquakes are caused by the movement along faults. ¡ Some are associated with volcanic eruptions or movement of magma in the lithosphere. ¡

How does an Earthquake occur? ¡ ¡ ¡ Rocks are elastic! (Think of a

How does an Earthquake occur? ¡ ¡ ¡ Rocks are elastic! (Think of a rubber band) The Elastic Rebound Theory states that if pressure is applied, a rock will deform under stress. If the stress becomes too great, it will break and rebound. (similar to a rubber band) The energy released during the break causes the ground to shake. Break a pencil!

How is all this energy transported? The potential energy stored in rocks is given

How is all this energy transported? The potential energy stored in rocks is given off as seismic waves. ¡ Two Types of Seismic Waves: 1. Body Waves *** ¡ P-Waves: Primary ¡ S-Waves: Secondary 2. Surface Waves ¡ Love Waves ¡ Rayleigh Waves ¡

How can seismic waves be measured? ¡ Seismograph: instrument that measures seismic activity

How can seismic waves be measured? ¡ Seismograph: instrument that measures seismic activity

Seismographs create seismograms!

Seismographs create seismograms!

Seismic Waves Help us Interpret Earth’s Interior

Seismic Waves Help us Interpret Earth’s Interior

Focus and Epicenter

Focus and Epicenter

Triangulation: Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake

Triangulation: Locating the Epicenter of an Earthquake

What should you do to prepare for an Earthquake?

What should you do to prepare for an Earthquake?

Two Ways to Measure an Earthquake Richter Magnitude ¡ Modified-Mercalli Intensity ¡

Two Ways to Measure an Earthquake Richter Magnitude ¡ Modified-Mercalli Intensity ¡

Richter Magnitude ¡ a scale used to express the seismic energy released by an

Richter Magnitude ¡ a scale used to express the seismic energy released by an earthquake

How is Richter Magnitude Determined? ¡ The amplitude of seismic waves recorded by a

How is Richter Magnitude Determined? ¡ The amplitude of seismic waves recorded by a seismograph determines Richter magnitude

The Richter Scale ¡ ¡ The scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale. The magnitude

The Richter Scale ¡ ¡ The scale is a base-10 logarithmic scale. The magnitude is defined as the logarithm of the ratio of the amplitude of waves measured by a seismograph to an arbitrary small amplitude. An earthquake that measures 5. 0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times larger than one that measures 4. 0

Modified-Mercalli Intensity The Mercalli intensity scale is a scale used for measuring the intensity

Modified-Mercalli Intensity The Mercalli intensity scale is a scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake. ¡ The scale quantifies the effects of an earthquake on the Earth's surface, humans, objects of nature, and man -made structures on a scale of I through XII. ¡ http: //www. abag. ca. gov/bayarea/e qmaps/doc/mmi. html ¡

Module 14 Crustal Deformation CRUSTAL DEFORMATION Although aModule 14 Crustal Deformation CRUSTAL DEFORMATION Although a
Deforming Earths Crust Deforming the Earths Crust DeformationDeforming Earths Crust Deforming the Earths Crust Deformation
DEFORMATION OF THE EARTHS CRUST Types of DeformationDEFORMATION OF THE EARTHS CRUST Types of Deformation
Deforming the Earths Crust Deformation Deformation process byDeforming the Earths Crust Deformation Deformation process by
Earths Crust Convection currents The Earths CRUST isEarths Crust Convection currents The Earths CRUST is
Scale Scale Factor Scale Drawings Scale Scale FactorScale Scale Factor Scale Drawings Scale Scale Factor
Earthquakes and Tsunamis Crust Deformation Deformation is theEarthquakes and Tsunamis Crust Deformation Deformation is the
Chapter 11 Deformation of the Crust Deformation BendingChapter 11 Deformation of the Crust Deformation Bending
INTRODUCTION DEFORMATION AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR q Deformation deformationINTRODUCTION DEFORMATION AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR q Deformation deformation
Chapter 8 Combined deformation Combined Deformation Combined deformationChapter 8 Combined deformation Combined Deformation Combined deformation
Metamorphic Processes I Crustal Deformation Changes in earthsMetamorphic Processes I Crustal Deformation Changes in earths
Earths Changing Surface CRUSTAL DEFORMATION EARTHQUAKES 1 IEarths Changing Surface CRUSTAL DEFORMATION EARTHQUAKES 1 I
FORMATION OF EARTHS CRUST Continental and oceanic crustFORMATION OF EARTHS CRUST Continental and oceanic crust
MOVEMENT OF THE EARTHS CRUST Vocabulary Crust MantleMOVEMENT OF THE EARTHS CRUST Vocabulary Crust Mantle
Earths Crust in Motion Stress in the CrustEarths Crust in Motion Stress in the Crust
6 3 Deforming Earths Crust 1 Deformation The6 3 Deforming Earths Crust 1 Deformation The
Folds Faults and the Deformation of Earths CrustFolds Faults and the Deformation of Earths Crust
CHAPTER 10 Deformation Mountain Building and Earths CrustCHAPTER 10 Deformation Mountain Building and Earths Crust
DEFORMATION OF THE EARTHS CRUST Warm Up 1DEFORMATION OF THE EARTHS CRUST Warm Up 1
Folds Faults and the Deformation of Earths CrustFolds Faults and the Deformation of Earths Crust
Deforming Earths Crust Deformation Rock that has beenDeforming Earths Crust Deformation Rock that has been