Small and Medium Scale Industries SMIs in Asia

Small and Medium Scale Industries (SMIs) in Asia : A Study of Selected Technologies and Policy Options C. Visvanathan S. Kumar Asian Regional Research Programme in Energy, Environment and Climate (ARRPEEC) Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand 1

Small and Medium Scale Industries (SMIs) in Asia: Energy, Environment and Climate Interrelations Coordination • AIT – Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. National Research Institutes • • • 2 China India Philippines Sri Lanka Vietnam : CESTT (Center for Environ. Sound Technology Transfer). : PSG (PSG College of Technology). : ITDI (Industrial Technology Development Institute). : ISB (Industrial Services Bureau). : NEDCEN (Non-state Economic Development Centre).

Presentation Overview 1. Project Objective. 2. Selected industrial sub-sectors. 3. Major research findings. 4. Achievements/impacts of the project. 3

1. Project Objective Promotion of activities to mitigate GHG emission and other pollution by SMIs Research Themes 1. 2. 3. 4. 4 Analysis of production processes, energy use and pollution in selected industrial sectors. Identify energy efficient and environmentally sound technologies and processes (E 3 ST). Review existing policies and develop scenarios for sustainable promotion of E 3 ST. Capacity mobilization and enhancement to introduce E 3 ST in selected industrial sectors.

2. Selected Industrial Sub-sectors • Five industrial sub-sectors were selected across five participating countries. Countries China India Philippines Sri Lanka 5 Industrial Sub-Sectors Textile, Foundry, Tea, Brick Desiccated Coconut, Foundry, Brick, Ceramic Tea, Ceramic, Desiccated Coconut, Brick and Tile Tea, Textile, Brick, Ceramic Vietnam Rationale for selection: • Energy intensive and/or highly polluting. • Commonality across the countries. • Economic importance in the countries.

3. Major Research Findings Theme 1: Analysis of Energy use and Pollution Load • • Impacts are individually small, but collectively high Low energy efficiency Policies are not specific to SMI Lack of information on technologies. Theme 2: Identification of E 3 ST • • 6 Lack of awareness and information on E 3 ST Lack of technical know-how/capacity to implement E 3 ST Access to loan is not easy Lack of links between E 3 ST developer and SMI

3. Major Research Findings (. . cont) Theme 3: Review, Analysis & Recommendation of Energy and Environmental Policies • No specific energy and environmental policies for SMIs. • Most of the environmental policies (regulations) are based on end of pipe treatment. • There is no market based strategy. • Role of financial institutions in promoting E 3 ST - Financial intermediations. - Financial packages. 7

3. Project Outputs • Five Sector Reports (Tea, DC, Brick, Foundry, and Textile) illustrating production processes, energy use, pollution and E 3 ST options : Benchmarking/References to be published: Peer Review by Sector Experts. • One cross country Policy Report on SMI with policy options to promote E 3 STs. • Various Capacity Mobilization and Strengthening programs. • Identification of E 3 STs: Technology Fact Sheets (39 nos. ) prepared for dissemination. • Regular Newsletter (hardcopy & Website). • Publications (Journal, Conference, and other articles). • Road Map CD. 8

3. Sector Report : Tea Sector Highlights of the Report • Basic production processes are same across the countries, but the degree of modernization vary. • Energy and environmental audits conducted show low energy efficiency and use of outdated technologies (Vietnam has the lowest energy efficiency). • GHG emission results in two ways: combustion of fossil fuels, and electricity use. Impacts • Serves as a reference giving detailed information on tea sector. • Participating countries learned from each other, realized their key differences (in energy use and pollution) to address them. • E 3 ST suitable for tea sector were identified. 9

Tea Sector Green Leaf Withering (Orthodox) Rolling (CTC) Rolling Shredding CTC Cuts Automated material handling systems Roll Breaking Direct Oil-fired Heater for Withering and Drying of Tea Screening Fermenting Drying Grading/ Packaging Energy Efficient Motors Made Tea 10 Tea manufacturing process Sector Report on Tea

3. Sector Report : Desiccated Coconut Sector Highlights of the Report • Focuses on two countries : Philippines and Sri Lanka. • Production process varies a great deal between the two countries: - Philippines use continuous mechanized mills. - Sri Lanka use mechanized, semi-mechanized and traditional. • Audits show drying process consumes about 66% of the total energy used. • CO 2 is emitted mainly from combustion of fuels (fossil and biomass) to produce heat. • Mills using biomass have lower efficiency. • Another major source of pollution is the discharge of highly organic (BOD) wastewater. 11

Desiccated Coconut Sector Fresh coconut De-husking De-shelling / hatcheting Paring and Splitting Washing and Inspection (Sri Lanka) (Philippines) stabilizing BLANCHING SIZE REDUCTION Screening, Grading and Packaging Dome Type Kiln for Coconut Shell Carbonizing PASTEURIZING Drying Screening and grading Packaging Desiccated Coconut DC production process 12 Sector Report on Desiccated Coconut

Report on Policy Highlights • A cross country comparison of national policies on economy, energy and environment: SMIEnergy and Environment. • Most policies across the countries are focused on high energy consuming industries, and little or no consideration is given in the SMI sectors. • Policy options are presented for promotion of E 3 STs in the five countries. 13

3. Capacity Mobilization and Strengthening Activities A number of capacity strengthening programs were conducted; key actors involved in SMIs took part. The activities include: • Trainings by AIT and NRIs. • Seminars in participating countries. • Workshops at AIT and NRIs. • Fellowships at AIT. • In total, 13 nos. of trainings were conducted, in which 276 participants took part • The trainings covered the areas such as energy and environmental audits, environmental management, boiler operation, effluent treatments etc. Impacts • Personal are trained in energy and environmental auditing (all NRIs). • Awareness on environmental management is developed at managerial level (India, Sri Lanka). • Operational level people were trained on energy efficiency and environmental protection (Sri Lanka). • Awareness developed for political leaders (Sri Lanka). 14

Capacity Mobilization SMI Review Workshop at Coimbatore, India Training course on Effective Energy Management, Philippines. 15

3. Capacity Mobilization and Strengthening (. . contd) Fellowships • 17 fellowships were provided (total of 26 man months) , and each fellow studied different industrial sub-sectors and policy. Country Impacts No. of Fellows Man month China 2 3 India 3 5 Philippines 4 6 Sri Lanka 6 9 Vietnam 2 3 • Developed common audit methodology and reporting mechanism of technical data. • Researchers enhanced their technical and analytical competence, and reporting. • Fellows from India were able to continue their work to initiate new projects. 16

3. Capacity Mobilization and Strengthening (. . cont) Networking A SMI network established links the research institutes, industrial associations, government and NGOs across the five participating countries. Impacts 17 • Exchange of information on technology made possible. • Facilitated Sri Lankan participants visit to Indian industries.

3. SMI Newsletter Objective: To disseminate information about the SMI project and other relevant information on E 3 ST from other sources Target groups : industrial associations, policy makers, financial institutions, government departments, NGOs, academic institutions, R & D organizations. Total No of Issues: 13 (so far) plus a Special Issue : Desiccated coconut Website : http: //www. serd. ait. ac. th/smi 2. html Exit Strategy: PSG (India) has now taken over the publishing task of SMI Newsletter. 18

SMI Newsletters http: //www. serd. ait. ac. th/smi 2. html 19

3. Road Map CD Objective : To provide a comprehensive information about outputs of the SMI project (Reports, Publications, TFSs, Success Stories, Web sites, etc. ) in a most convenient format for wider dissemination. The CD contains: • • 20 Information about the SMI project. Sector reports (Tea, DC, Brick, Foundry and Textile). Policy report. Technology Fact Sheets (E 3 ST). All publications (journal papers, articles). SMI Newsletters. Success Stories. Web links.

Road Map CD 21

4. Achievements/Impacts of the SMI Project Establishment of specific energy consumption and pollution loads of selected industrial sub sectors. Data/Information on energy-environmental issues related to SMIs of the studied sectors. Options for improvement of SMIs’ energy-environmental status: E 3 STs, policy options. Increased awareness of related actors/beneficiaries about energy-environmental issues in SMIs. Capacity of NRIs and national partners strengthened : research and technical capacity. Capacity of SMIs strengthened : energy-environmental Audit / management skills. Networking established: cooperation and information exchange among partners in each country and among participating countries. Developing a technology for environmentally friendly coconut shell carbonization (Sri Lanka). Developing a low cost treatment technique for coconut waste water (Sri Lanka). Acquisition of measuring and monitoring equipment (for emission and ambient air quality). 22

4. Achievements/Impacts of the SMI Project Improved recognition by State, Private sector and international development agencies (ADB funded Cleaner Production and USAID funded ESCO development projects) as a major player in energy and environmental matters. Creation of wider business interests focused on the field on energy and environment. SL: Participating in national steering committees on CP and CDM. SL: Entrusting the task of writing the chapter on “Environmentally Sound Technology Transfer for Sustainable Development” for the national report for Rio+10 world summit. NRI (Sri Lanka) is selected as a partner organization under State of Arizona (USA) Environmental Partnership Programme under USAEP. Off-shoot project in Vietnam: improvement of withering trough in tea processing. Offshoot of this project in India: PSG (Indian NRIs) has started a masters and Ph. D programme in energy engineering and its energy audit team has got Government approval to carry out energy audit and certify the SMIs. PSG (Indian NRI) has established contacts with Centre for Environmental Education, which is collaborating with UNIDO in Tirupur and USAID project on “Reduction of GHG Potential of Knitwear Industry at Tirupur” coordinated by Ecosmart India. 23

Thank You. Any Questions and Comments …… 24