Slow Flight The Flight Training Manual Chapter 11

Slow Flight The Flight Training Manual - Chapter 11

Objectives • To slow the aeroplane and maintain straight and level at low airspeed (1. 2 VS). • To maintain straight and level at low airspeed. • To maintain a constant altitude while turning at low airspeed. • To return to normal operating airspeeds.

Principles Of Flight • Performance • Control Effectiveness • Turns

Principles Of Flight – Performance Weight is constant therefore to maintain Straight and Level, Lift must be: Constant Power + Attitude = Performance L Ao. A x IAS Ao. A IAS Power Normal Cruise 4 90 kt 2200 RPM Slow Flight (1. 2 VS) 12 46 kt (C 152) 2000 RPM 65 kt (PA 38)

Principles Of Flight – Performance Fly the aeroplane at a slow speed, but above the stall (next lesson).

Principles Of Flight – Performance • As airspeed decreases angle of attack must increase to maintain level flight • High nose attitude • A little extra power required, to overcome the increased Drag.

POF – Control Effectiveness Effects of Controls • All controls are affected by airspeed • With decreased airspeed, controls: • Feel sluggish • Are less responsive • Require larger inputs

Principles Of Flight – Turns • • Medium level turns require an increase in Lift When Lift is increased, Drag is increased Additional power required to overcome Drag

Airmanship LOOKOUT - 2 seconds per 20 • S & L - Left to Right • Turning – Look into the turn Stall Symptoms • • • Low and decreasing airspeed High nose attitude Less effective controls Light buffet Stall warning

Airmanship Training Area Maintain the aeroplane’s position in training area HASELL Checks H A S Height Airframe Security E Engine L Location L Lookout Sufficient to recover by 2500 ft AGL Configured for the entry (Flaps up) No loose articles, harnesses secure. Check during pre-flight Temperatures and Pressures normal Mixture RICH Fuel sufficient, Fullest tank Pump ON (Pressure) Clear of populated areas, Traffic, Airfields, Cloud 180° or 90° turns, left and right

Aeroplane Management Controls • Positive and smooth movements • Don’t be aggressive Throttle • Positive and smooth movements Carb Heat • Apply when needed – RPM below 2000 RPM Temperatures and Pressures (T’s & P’s ) • In the Normal Range (Green) • May be higher at low airspeeds

Aeroplane Management – Flap VFE White Arc C 152 VFE 85 kt PA 38 VFE 89 kt Increased Drag requires Increased Power

Human Factors Level of Concentration • High level of concentration required • A demanding lesson Nose Attitude • An unfamiliar high nose attitude • May affect the Lookout and attitude control

Air Exercise – Slowing in S & L 1. 2 VS 46 kt (C 152) 65 kt (PA 38) Power + Attitude = Performance HASELL Reference Point Carb Heat Power Attitude Trim Power Airspeed Checks Completed and Reference Altitude FULL ON/HOT Reduce to decelerate Increase to maintain level Relieve control pressure Adjust to maintain speed 46 kt (C 152) / 65 kt (PA 38)

Air Exercise – Maintain S & L L A Lookout Left to Right Attitude Correct Instruments Right to Left I Confirmation Change – Hold – Trim – Check

Air Exercise – Turning Lookout, Reference feature, Reference altitude Power More power required to overcome drag Bank Ailerons – Increased deflection for same roll rate Balance Rudder – Increased to counter adverse yaw Back Pressure Elevator – Adjust to maintain altitude

Air Exercise – Returning to Cruise Lead with Power to overcome inertia PAT Carb Heat Power Attitude Trim Power Lookout Attitude Instruments OFF/COLD Full Power – Balance (Rudder) Gradually lower the nose to level Relieve control pressure Adjust to cruise power