Slides at osf io3 unva A metaanalysis of
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Slides at osf. io/3 unva/ A meta-analysis of change in implicit bias and behavior Calvin Lai, Ph. D. Assistant Professor Dept. of Psychological & Brain Sciences Washington University in St. Louis February 7, 2019 calvinlai@wustl. edu
Implicit Bias Predicts Behavior Vote choice (e. g. , Arcuri et al. , 2008; Galdi et al. , 2008) Job performance of minority employees (Glover et al. , 2017) Hiring discrimination (e. g. , Reuben et al. , 2014; Rooth, 2010) …and many other behaviors (e. g. , Alesina et al. , 2018; Green et al. , 2007; Greenwald et al. , 2009; Hofmann et al. , 2007; Kurdi et al. , 2013 Oswald et al. , 2013; Stout et al. , 2011)
Idea: Change implicit bias, prevent unwanted behavior!
A Brief History of Implicit Bias Change Stable & Rigid 1985 Bargh, 1999 Devine, 1989 Wilson et al. , 2000 Malleable & Flexible 2001 Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001 Blair, 2002 2018 Reviews Dasgupta, 2009 Gawronski & Sritharan, 2010 Lai, Hoffman, & Nosek, 2013 Lai & Banaji, 2019
A Meta-Analysis of Procedures to Change Implicit Measures Forscher*, Lai*, Axt, Ebersole, Herman, Devine, & Nosek, under revision * Co-lead-authors
Study Inclusion Criteria 1. Be an experiment 2. Include manipulation of implicit bias 3. Measure a pre-existing implicit bias
Database 4, 908 articles Eligible 417 articles 593 studies Final 342 articles 492 studies 571 independent samples 87, 418 participants
Change in implicit measure vs. a hypothetical control
Change in implicit measure vs. a hypothetical control
Change in implicit measure vs. a hypothetical control
Takeaway: Implicit biases can be changed! Change in implicit measure vs. a hypothetical control
Does implicit bias play an explanatory role in changing explicit biases and behavior? Implicit Bias Manip. Explicit Bias / Behavior
No. Mediation Effects on Explicit Biases Mediation Effects on Behavioral Outcomes
What about potential moderators? • There was so little variation in the indirect effects, we originally had to fix the variation to zero to get the models to converge. • However, we tested the following moderators: Moderator Absolute vs. Relative Measurement Spontaneity Learning vs. Context Effects Self-Presentation Motives Does it matter?
Why doesn’t implicit bias change predict behavioral change? 1. Associations are causally inert 2. Measurement issues 3. Measurement correspondence 4. Implicit associations are a group-level construct
Associations are Causally Inert
Associations are Causally Inert WEAKNESS: No parsimonious alternative account for behavior that implies automatic evaluation Endowment Effect: Owning something makes you like it more Mere Exposure: Seeing something makes you like it more C>P IAT Effect: We’re faster to categorize concepts that are more closely linked together in memory Name-Letter Effect: Liking things that share our first initial more Halo Effect: Assuming beautiful people are awesome in many other ways
Measurement Issues: What are we actually changing? - Associations - Ingroup Favoritism (White + Good/Bad) - Outgroup Hatred (Black + Good/Bad) - Overriding bias - Ability to detect a correct response - Guessing
9/18 Interventions Reduced Implicit Racial Preferences on the IAT D Summary Score Lai et al. , 2014
6/18 Reduced Ingroup Favoritism 1/18 Reduced Outgroup Hatred Data from Lai et al. , 2014, 2016 Calanchini, Sherman, & Klauer, under review
Measurement Issues: Noisy behavior Future research should: - Assess more behavior - Assess behavior over time and across situations
Measurement Correspondence Global attitude “How much do you like Christianity? ” Behavior: Going to church next Sunday Attitude toward behavior “How much do you like attending church worship service? ” Attitude toward behavior in a given time, target, & context “How much do you like attending your church's worship service next Sunday?
Measurement Correspondence Global attitude • Interracial interactions • Vote choice • Willingness to date someone of another race • Hiring discrimination • . . and many more
Implicit Associations are a Group-Level Construct Payne et al. , 2017
Implicit Associations are a Group-Level Construct Payne et al. , 2017
Why doesn’t implicit bias change predict behavioral change? Possibilities: 1. Implicit associations are causally inert 2. Measurement issues 3. Measurement correspondence 4. Implicit associations are a group-level construct
Acknowledgements Collaborators Patrick Forscher Trish Devine Jordan Axt Brian Nosek Charlie Ebersole Michelle Herman Slides at osf. io/3 unva/ DDGE-1315231 Email calvinlai@wustl. edu Website calvinklai. wordpress. com
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