Slide number 1 Digital Divide Pippa Norris Harvard

Slide number 1 Digital Divide? Pippa Norris ~ Harvard University www. pippanorris. com

2 Structure of talk I. Theoretical debate • II. What are the causes & consequences of inequality in the wired world? Evidence • 179 nations worldwide III. Conclusions www. pippanorris. com

3 I. Theoretical debate Global divide Core v. peripheries Social divide Income/SES, generation, education, gender, race/ethnicity Democratic divide Equality in civic engagement www. pippanorris. com

4 Theoretical debate 1. Cyber-optimists • • • Predict ‘normalization’ of Internet pop. Technological innovations, market competition, state initiatives Potential to revive mass political participation 2. Cyber-skeptics • • Technology adapts to society not vice versa Predict ‘politics as usual’ 3. Cyber-pessimists • • • Predict global inequalities Greater social stratification Widens democratic gap www. pippanorris. com

5 Macro-level Meso-level Micro-level Resources NSMs Technological Economic Executive Public Parties Legislature Judiciary & Social Environment Media www. pippanorris. com Online Civic Engagement Motivation

6 Data National context • Aggregate data technological diffusion in 179 nations – Online pop. and hosts Organizational-level • Distribution and content of websites in 179 nations – Government departments, parliaments, & parties – Distribution of NGOs & news media Micro-level in postindustrial societies • Attitudes & behavior – US surveys - Pew & NES 1995 -2000 – Eurobarometer surveys 1995 -2000 15 EU states www. pippanorris. com

7 II: Evidence? 1) Global divide 2) Social divide 3) Democratic divide www. pippanorris. com

8 How many online? Source: www. NUA. ie www. pippanorris. com

9 Global Divide Source: % Population Online in Fall 2000, 179 nations, www. NUA. ie www. pippanorris. com

10 Regional Divide Source: % Online Fall 2000, www. NUA. ie www. pippanorris. com

11 European Divide Source: % Online, Eurobarometer, Nov-Dec 2000 www. pippanorris. com

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14 Spread of TVs Source UNESCO Yearbooks 1970 -2000 www. pippanorris. com

15 Spread of Radios Source UNESCO Yearbooks 1970 -2000 www. pippanorris. com

16 II: Evidence? 1) Global divide 2) Social divide 3) Democratic divide www. pippanorris. com

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20 II: Evidence? 1) Global divide 2) Social divide 3) Democratic divide www. pippanorris. com

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22 Distribution of Online Parties Source: Norris “Digital Divide”: Mean number of online parties, 179 nations, Fall 2000 www. pippanorris. com

23 Types of Parties Online Source: Norris “Digital Divide”: Mean number of online parties, 179 nations, Fall 2000 www. pippanorris. com

24 Types of Parties Online Source: Norris “Digital Divide”: Mean number of online parties, 179 nations, Fall 2000 www. pippanorris. com

25 Summary of Key Findings: I. Global inequalities • • Substantial & growing Reflects long-term N-S economic divisions II. Social stratification • Widespread & unlikely to close in short-term III. Democratic divide • • • More level playing field for organizations/parties/groups Activates the active Challenge to understand ‘Genoa generation’ and new forms of organization, mobilization www. pippanorris. com and communication

26 Policies that Work – Access • Schools, community centers, libraries, cafes, village centers – Basic Skills • Target populations, e. g. younger generation, unemployed, women, community leaders – Costs • Competition and deregulation in telecoms, ISP connections, servers – Democratization • Training and facilities for civic society: media, parties, groups www. pippanorris. com • Leadership role for open government

Slide number 27 Resources: www. pippanorris. com “Digital Divide” Cambridge University Press Fall 2001