Slide 1 Jeff Conn web pdx educonnjc About

Slide 1 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc About me, you and this lecture – What do you hope to gain from this lecture? Jeff Conn’s Webpage: web. pdx. edu/~connjc

Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Slide 2 Sociolinguistics ØThe study of language in its social contexts ØSpeech community - group of people who share some set of social conventions (socioling norms) regarding language use - EXAMPLES? ØAccent - pronunciation ØDialect - includes pronunciation (phonological/phonetic), but also includes grammatical, lexical and usage - MFL example ØSome examples of homophones for some -- hock/hawk, caller/collar, cot/caught, calm/com, Don/Dawn ØVariety - used as a more neutral term for dialect or language 1) 2) 3) 4) Mary = merry = marry Mary = merry marry Mary merry = marry Mary = marry merry? ? ?

Slide 3 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change – dialect (and language) differences due to linguistic change over time ØSome social factors interacting with linguistic variation: (how people identify themselves and others) ØREGION* - what are the major dialects/accents spoken in America? ØSex/Gender ØSocial class* ØAge ØEthnicity* ØStyle

Slide 4 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change – Social Class ØRegional difference is post-vocalic r (car, card, guard, etc) ØWilliam Labov - NYC - listen to a New Yorker ØStyle – attitudes about varieties Coffee shop with a sign: “We’re sorry - no blended drinks today. The blender is broke. ” This sign was in Portland area – where would you expect to see it (based on stereotypes – not your opinion if they’re real) [stereotypes based on class/education/income]

Slide 5 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change ØSome dialects in North America have no r at the ends of words (car, card, guard, etc). For them, r can only be the beginning of a syllable. ØIncludes New York City, Boston, New England some older southern styles (like Savannah, GA, Charleston, SC, Richmond, VA) ØAmerican Tongues Chapter 17, 44: 24 Øpost-vocalic r (car, card, guard, etc) ØWilliam Labov - NYC - listen to a New Yorker

Slide 6 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change ØStyle and ling change interacts with social class Ø William Labov’s department store study

Slide 7 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Sociolinguistics Linguistic variation and change – dialect (and language) differences due to linguistic change over time ØSome social factors interacting with linguistic variation: (how people identify themselves and others) ØREGION* - what are the major dialects/accents spoken in America? ØSex/Gender ØSocial class* ØAge ØEthnicity* ØStyle

Slide 8 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Dialect Study Background Linguistic variation and change ØRegional varieties described in terms of lexical choices done through Linguistic Atlas creation ØDialectologists looked at NORMs = old men in the sticks! (non-mobile old rural men) ØAsked what is the word you use for. . . ØPlotted variation on a map and drew lines – isoglosses (see image ) ØNow sociolinguists look at urban populations and exam different regions in terms of what is happening (lang change) in the cities

Slide 9 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change - Region ØCraig Carver, 1987 – Used Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE) which looked at lexical variation to identify dialects of N. American English ØNow sociolinguists look at urban populations and exam different regions in terms of what is happening in the cities with respect to language change ØLabov, Ash and Boberg, 2005: Lingusitic Atlas of North American English = large scale phonological survey of North American English American Tongues – Chapter 10

Slide 10 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc What are the different regional accents in your opinion? http: //www. pbs. org/speak/speech/mapping/map. html

Slide 11 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc O’Grady, et al. , 2010

Slide 12 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al. , 2010

Slide 13 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Dialect regions according to some dialectologists/sociolinguists American Tongues – Chapter 5

Slide 14 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc O’Grady, et al. , 2010

Slide 15 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Dialect regions according to some dialectologists/sociolinguists O’Grady, et al. , 2010

Slide 16 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Non circled vowels = lax vowels

Slide 17 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change ØRegional difference by vowel production shifts (language change) over time ØNorthern Cities Shift (play Chicago sample - 3 mins) O'Grady, W. , Archibald, J. , Aronoff, M. , Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 th edition)

Slide 18 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al. , 2010

Slide 19 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change ØRegional difference by vowel production shifts (language change) over time ØNorthern Cities Shift (play Chicago sample - 3 mins) O'Grady, W. , Archibald, J. , Aronoff, M. , Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 th edition)

Slide 20 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change ØThe Southern Shift (Play Arkansas 2 mins; play Eng 3 mins; O'Grady, W. , Archibald, J. , Aronoff, M. , Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 th edition)

Slide 21 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al. , 2010

Slide 22 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change ØThe Southern Shift (Play Arkansas 2 mins; play Eng 3 mins; O'Grady, W. , Archibald, J. , Aronoff, M. , Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 th edition)

Slide 23 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change ØThe California/Canada Shift (Play Cali - 1: 45; Ontario 2: 15) O'Grady, W. , Archibald, J. , Aronoff, M. , Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 th edition)

Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Slide 24 ? Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al. , 2010

Slide 25 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change ØThe California/Canada Shift (Play Cali - 1: 45; Ontario 2: 15) O'Grady, W. , Archibald, J. , Aronoff, M. , Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 th edition)

Slide 26 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc California different from Canada – Is Seattle/Portland different from Vancouver BC?

Slide 27 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Portland C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons

Slide 28 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change – cot vs. caught From Linguistic Atlas of N American English

Slide 29 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Cot/Caught Merger ‘cot’ ‘caught’ Melissa, 28

Slide 30 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Cot/Caught Merger ‘off’ Dorothy, 89

Slide 31 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc The Fronting of /ow/

Slide 32 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc The Fronting of /ow/ in Pdx Sabrina, 28 Daisy, 56 Jan, 5353 Stacy, 14 ? ? ? Kenneth, 53

Slide 33 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc The Canadian Shift

Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Slide 34 The Canadian Shift Robbie, 14 short-e F 1 > 650 Hz. short-o F 2 < 1275 Hz. short-a F 2 < 1750 Hz. Melissa, 28

Slide 35 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc “Do You Speak American” –video of examples of regional linguistic variation The website here: http: //www. pbs. org/speak/ Conn article on Portland speech is here: http: //www. pbs. org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/pacificnorthwest/

Slide 36 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change - Attitudes ØThere are many different varieties - what is correct? Standard English is just one of many different varieties ØLinguistics try to describe these varieties and all the varieties are equal in linguistics terms ØAre other dialects mutually intelligible – here some sounds here from the Northern Cities area: Northern Cities Shift (not #5)

Slide 37 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change - Attitudes What are the consequences of speaking a non-standard dialect? What is standard American English? Is there a standard pronunciation? Listen to clips from American Tongues – Funny Accents track, Chapter 12 (negative feelings toward southern American), American Tongues Chapter 17, 44: 24

Slide 38 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change ØEthnicity - Chicano English, African American Vernacular English, Native American English; etc. ØAAVE - shares features with other English dialects ØPhonological features part of other varieties ØHabitual be, copula deletion - more elaborate than standard English ØThe coffee cold today. (One time event) Ø The coffee be cold here. (Habitual)

Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Slide 39 Linguistic variation and change ØEthnicity - African American Vernacular English, From O’Grady, et. al. 2010.

Slide 40 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Linguistic variation and change – Listen to clips from DYSA ØEthnicity - African American Vernacular English, From O’Grady, et. al. 2010.

Slide 41 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc • What does this information mean in terms of Cascadia? • How would language form a part of this emerging identity?

Slide 42 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Resources Video and Internet Sources: American Tongues video - http: //www. cnam. com/non_flash/language/american. html Nice examples of different American dialects, mostly regional dialects, some profanity, a little outdated, good examples of how every day people feel about dialects Do You Speak American – website and video http: //www. pbs. org/speak/ Nice examples of a lot of different American Englishes, regional differences as well as ethnic differences, linguist viewpoint (very descriptive with little information on attitudes toward language), a little long and not all is relevant, good web resources that can be used with video including teacher’s guide Conn article on Portland accent: http: //www. pbs. org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/pacificnorthwest/ International Dialects of English Archive - http: //web. ku. edu/~idea/ Great examples of many types of English, a little hard to find some good accent productions (not all speakers have strong regional accents) Project on English in the Pacific NW – http: //www. artsci. washington. edu/NWenglish/ Site with a lot of information (not created by linguist) - http: //aschmann. net/Am. Eng/

Slide 43 Jeff Conn web. pdx. edu/~connjc Resources Some Useful Books: Labov, W. (1994) Principles of Lingusitic Change, Volume 1: Internal Factors. Oxford: Blackwell. (Very technical information about language change) Labov, W. (2001) Principles of Lingusitic Change, Volume 2: Social Factors. Oxford: Blackwell. (Very technical but detailed including Labov’s Philadelphia Study. ) Milroy, L. and Gordon, M. (2003) Sociolinguistics: Method and Interpretation. Oxford: Blackwell. (Good information about field and methodology of sociolinguistics – some technical linguistic knowledge required, not a lot of actual examples) O'Grady, W. , Archibald, J. , Aronoff, M. , Rees-Miller, J. (2009). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 th edition). Bedford/St. Martin’s. Wells, John C. (1982) Accents of English 1: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Wells, John C. (1982) Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Wells, John C. (1982) Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. (Good descriptions of different accents, focuses on pronunciation, mainly descriptive and not as theoretical as others) *Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N. (2006) American English. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 2 nd Edition. (Best choice for beginners – assumes some linguistic technical knowledge, many specific examples)