Slide 1 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx

Slide 1 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Jeff Conn Webpage with lecture slide info: web. pdx. edu/~connjc

Slide 2 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics acoustic characteristics of speech sounds (not articulatory) – how sounds sound rather than how they’re made Sound is waves (complex waves) = composed of a fundamental wave which repeats itself at the frequency of the opening and closing of vocal folds and a set of harmonic waves which repeat at frequencies which are multiples of the fundamental. Make Sound by small variations in air pressure caused by vocal organs superimposed on airflow For Voiced Consonants & Vowels - Vocal folds chop up airstream, high and low pressure Fricatives - Narrow Constriction of blowing air with varying peaks of air pressure Sounds cause air particles to move, which makes tympanic membrane move (auditory)

Slide 3 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Waveforms plot air pressure variation over time – Peaks indicate vocal fold vibrations (see sample waveform) Very difficult to get much information from waveforms, but can tell where the loudest segments are (usually vowels) and can see fricative energy, as well as stops and release, and some info about nasal, glide and liquids (can’t see place of articulation really, only voicing and manner)

Slide 4 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Pitch - A subjective measure of low to high with regard to acoustic properties. Dependent on how fast/slow vocal folds vibrate. Increase pitch with an increase in rate of vibration. Measure objectively by frequency = how many cycles per second of vibration. If vocal folds vibrate 200 times per second - 200 cps - 200 Hertz Pitch = Fundamental Frequency or F 0 (for our purposes) Male voice - 80 -200 Hz Female Voice - 400+Hz Child Voice - 800+ Hz

Slide 5 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Loudness & Intensity Loudness depends on size of air pressure variations; subjective judgment. Intensity is objective measure, in decibels (d. B), the amplitude of air pressure variations. More intensity-------------Less intensity Vowels --Nasals, Liquids & Glides -- Sibilants Actual Intensity of a Segment dependent on Factors, to include: its position in the sentence degree of stress on each word speaker characteristics *Some vowels seem to show an overall lower intensity – commonly, higher vowels have less intensity than lower vowels (although this can change depending on above factors)

Slide 6 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics In the production of vowels, the filtering effect of vocal tract produces amplitude peaks at certain frequencies by enhancing the harmonics (which are the component waves of a complex wave form) at those frequencies while dampening harmonics at other frequencies.

Slide 7 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics The peaks in the filter function are called formants (resonant frequencies of the vocal tract). You can change the pitch of a vowel without changing the vowel quality (the rate of vibration of the air in the vocal tract [vowel] is independent of the rate of vibration of the vocal folds [pitch]) Listen to different parts of speech on website So - have vocal folds that open and close. Causes fundamental frequency, or F 0. Then have this air that resonates differently according to the position of the vocal organs (different vowels)

Slide 8 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Acoustic analysis of consonants ØStops show burst - Fricatives show chaotic noise – Different fricatives show different energy (sibilants versus not) ØNotice the difference between [f] and [s] is above 3000 Hz so phones cut this off which is why I have restaurant reservations for Jess!

Slide 9 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Acoustic analysis of consonants ØLiquids look like vowels, and glides even more so Ø[ ] show lowering of F 3 with F 2

Slide 10 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Acoustic analysis of consonants ØLiquids look like vowels, and glides even more so Ø[ ] show lowering of F 3 with F 2 From Rob Hagiwara’s webpage: http: //home. cc. umanitoba. ca/~robh/howto. html#

Slide 11 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Acoustic analysis of consonants ØBilabial show F 1 and F 2 together at low frequencies ØAlveolar F 2 locus around 1700 Hz ØVelar F 2 and F 3 merge - velar pinch

Slide 12 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Acoustic analysis of consonants ØBilabial show F 1 and F 2 together at low frequencies ØAlveolar F 2 locus around 1700 Hz ØVelar F 2 and F 3 merge - velar pinch Figure 4. Spectrograms of "bab" "dad" and "gag". From Rob Hagiwara’s webpage: http: //home. cc. umanitoba. ca/~robh/howto. html#

Slide 13 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Acoustic analysis of consonants ØVoicing shows voice bar across bottom of spectrogram ØNasal has nasal formants (sonorant) ØWhat can you tell about vowels from below spectrograms?

Slide 14 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Acoustic analysis of consonants Table 8. 1 Acoustic correlates of consonant features Voiced Vertical striations corresponding to the vibrations of vocal folds Bilabial Locus of both 2 nd and 3 rd formants comparatively low Alveolar Locus of 2 nd formant about 1700 -1800 Hz Velar Usually high locus of 2 nd formant. Common origin of 2 nd and 3 rd formant transitions (velar pinch where 2 nd and 3 rd formants meet) Retroflex General lowering of 3 rd and 4 th formants Stop Gap in pattern, followed by burst of noise for voiceless stops or sharp beginning of formant structure for voiced stops. Fricative Random noise pattern, especially in higher frequency regions, but dependent on place of articulation Nasal Formant structure similar to the of vowels but with nasal formants at about 250, 2500 and 3250 Hz. Lateral Formant structure similar to the of vowels but with formants at about 250, 1200 and 2400 Hz. The higher formants are considerably reduced in intensity. Approximant Formant structure similar to that in vowels, usually changing.

Slide 15 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Dialect regions according to some dialectologists/sociolinguists O’Grady, et al. , 2010

Slide 16 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al. , 2010

Slide 17 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Linguistic variation and change ØRegional difference by vowel production shifts (language change) over time ØNorthern Cities Shift (play Chicago sample - 3 mins) O'Grady, W. , Archibald, J. , Aronoff, M. , Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 th edition)

Slide 18 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al. , 2010

Slide 19 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Linguistic variation and change ØThe Southern Shift (Play Arkansas 2 mins; play Eng 3 mins; O'Grady, W. , Archibald, J. , Aronoff, M. , Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 th edition)

Slide 20 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al. , 2010

Slide 21 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Linguistic variation and change ØThe California/Canada Shift (Play Cali - 1: 45; Ontario 2: 15) O'Grady, W. , Archibald, J. , Aronoff, M. , Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 th edition)

Slide 22 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics ? Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al. , 2010

Slide 23 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics California different from Canada – Is Seattle/Portland different from Vancouver BC?

Slide 24 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Linguistic variation and change – cot vs. caught From Linguistic Atlas of N American English

Slide 25 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Cot/Caught Merger ‘cot’ ‘caught’ Melissa, 28

Slide 26 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Cot/Caught Merger ‘off’ Dorothy, 89

Slide 27 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics The Fronting of /ow/

Slide 28 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics The Fronting of /ow/ in Pdx Sabrina, 28 Daisy, 56 Jan, 5353 Stacy, 14 ? ? ? Kenneth, 53

Slide 29 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics The Canadian Shift

Slide 30 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics The Canadian Shift Robbie, 14 short-e F 1 > 650 Hz. short-o F 2 < 1275 Hz. short-a F 2 < 1750 Hz. Melissa, 28

Slide 31 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Acoustic analysis of vowels Whisper vowel corners to hear F 2 Thump throat to hear F 1 Ø Ø First formant (F 1) represents vowel height (inversely) (dark band near bottom)- measure from middle of dark band vertically Second formant (F 2) represents vowel front/back with the higher the F 2, the fronter the vowel (2 nd dark band) – measure from middle of dark band Sound spectrograph - an instrument that translates a sound into a visual representation - called a spectrogram. Waveforms and spectrograms - see Praat for vowel measurement and representation

Slide 32 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Acoustic analysis of vowels

Slide 33 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Acoustic properties of vowels (from Mike Ward, 2003, master’s thesis at PSU)

Slide 34 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Acoustic properties of vowels (from Mike Ward, 2003, master’s thesis at PSU)

Slide 35 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics Acoustic analysis of vowels – from Plotnik

Slide 36 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Different Vowel Systems - Philadelphia C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons

Slide 37 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Different Vowel Systems – Philly Bonnie C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons

Slide 38 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Different Vowel Systems - Portland C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons

Slide 39 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Different Vowel Systems - Portland C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons

Slide 40 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Different Vowel Systems - Portland C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons

Slide 41 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations ØCardinal vowels = not real language - the extreme positions of the vowel space - use IPA vowel symbols to represent ØA language uses these symbols for the closest vowel like articulation in that language (English [i] is not cardinal [i] but cardinal [i] is closest) ØCardinal vowel (1) = [i] – any further front/high would be (voiced palatal fricative) ØCardinal vowel (5) = - any further lower/back would be (voiced pharyngeal fric) ØVowel quality in different languages and varieties of the same language differ - not always phonetically accurate

Slide 42 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations ØCardinal vowels pretend equal distance between each vowel, but the front vowels have much further space from high to low than the back vowels (See Figure 9. 3, p. 215)

Slide 43 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations ØTongue height not really valid – there is an auditory quality that is more appropriately captured by “vowel height” and can be measured acoustically (F 1, F 2, etc).

Slide 44 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations ØSecondary cardinal vowels are identical to primary, but have opposite lip rounding (plus a couple extra) See Figure 9. 5, p. 217

Slide 45 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 Acoustic analysis of vowels – from Plotnik – Portland speaker (contrast with Figures 9. 6 -9. 8, pp 219 -220) IPA iy [i ] ey [ e I] i [I ] e [ E] uw [ u ] u C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons [U ] ow [o

Slide 46 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations ØVowels - vowel space broken down even more than in English

Slide 47 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations Vowel Chart Modified HIGH MID LOW Q a

Slide 48 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations ØSummary of vowel quality (see Table 9. 2, p. 226) ØHeight ØBackness ØRhotaciziation ØRounding ØATR ØNaasalization

Slide 49 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations ØAdvanced tongue root = ATR - pharyngeal constriction ØNot the same as tense/lax but kinda sorta Ø[ e 2 ] = retracted tongue root (-ATR) Ø[ e 1 ] = advanced tongue root (+ATR)

Slide 50 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations ØRhotacized vowels - different ways to produce r-coloring (shown in acoustic signal by lowering of F 3) ØNasalization - Vowels are nasalized = air is allowed to escape the nasal passage AS WELL AS the oral passage ØApproximants can also be nasalized ØVowel quality - Height, backness, rounding, rhotacization, ATR, nasalization

Slide 51 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations ØSecondary articulations (See p. 231 – Table 9. 5) ØPalatalization - as in Russian = added [j] after consonant ØPalatalized = above; a sound made closer to palatal region (English [k] in word ‘key’ is palatalized); historical process that turns sounds into alveopalatal consonants ØVelarization - secondary raising of back of tongue (dark [l] in English)

Slide 52 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations ØSecondary articulations (See p. 231 – Table 9. 5) ØPharyngealization - narrowing of pharynx (Hebrew, Arabic) ØLabialization - additional lip rounding ([w] after/at the same time as consonant) ØLabialization + palatalization

Slide 53 Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations