Slide 1 Introducing and Greeting People 1 Formal

Slide 1. Introducing and Greeting People (1). Formal A: Ms. Blake, 'let me intro'duce Mr. Jones. || 'may I intro'duce Mr. Jones. || Ms. Blake: 'How do you do? || Mr. Jones: 'How do you do? || 'Pleased to meet you. OR A: 'Let me intro duce myself. || I am 'John Thompson. || B: 'How do you do? || I am 'Kate Martin. || A: 'How do you do?

Slide 2. Introducing and Greeting People (2). Neutral A: Jane, 'meet 'Tanya Smith. || B: He llo, Tanya. || 'Nice/'pleased to meet you. Informal A: Hi, I am Jack. || B: Hi, I am Sasha.

Slide 3. Unit 1. How Are You? neutral = inquiry about one’s health informal = How are things? (Как дела? ) How are you doing? (Как поживаете? ) COMPARE: A: 'How are you? || 1. B: I am fine, thank you. || And you? 2. A: 'How are things? B: 'Fine, thanks. || 'What about you? A: Fine. /'Not too bad.

Slide 4. Пожалуйста: please, thank you, etc. Situation 1. (At the table): You are offered something. Your answer: Yes, ●please. Or Thank you. 'No, thank you. Situation 2. (At the table, etc): You are asked to pass something. Your answer: Here you are. (American : There you are). Situation 3. Somebody says “thank you” for your service, etc. Your answer: You are welcome. 'Don’t mention it. 'That’s al right. My pleasure. 'Not at all.

Slide 5. Saying Hello and Good-bye. Formal: Good morning/ Morning. Good 'after noon. Good evening/ Evening. Good- bye. Neutral: He llo, Jack/everybody. Good night. Good luck. 'Have a nice/good day (evening, week-end, trip, etc. ) Informal: Hi, Jane! See you (later). 'Take care. Bye - bye. Bye.

Slide 6. General (Yes/No) Questions I Structure Auxiliary Verb Subject + Do Was 'Have you 'Moscow your 'family BUT: Are you + 'speak 'founded been Verb … ? French? in 1147? to London? a student?

Slide 7. General (Yes/No) Questions II Intonation pattern: examples Are you a student? Yes, I am. Are you a high school student? No, I am not.

Slide 8. Unit 2. Special (Wh-) Questions. Structure Question Word + 'When 'Why 'Which places Auxiliary Verb was do did + Subject Moscow Aust'ralians you + Verb …? founded? speak English? visit there?

Slide 9. Unit 2. Questions in which who/what is used as the subject. Structure Who/ What 'Who 'What + Verb … ? discovered Aust ralia? is to the north of the USA?

Slide 10. WAYS TO SPEAK ABOUT THE PAST. The Basics PAST SIMPLE I read a book Вчера я читал Факт книгу. I was reading PAST CONTINUOUS a book when you called. Когда ты позвонил, я читал книгу. PAST PERFECT I realized I had read the book before. Я понял, что Предшествован ие уже читал эту книгу. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS I had been reading the book for two days when he asked me to return it. Я читал книгу Процесс + два дня, когда Предшествован ие он попросил вернуть ее. yesterday. Процесс

Slide 12. Unit 3. Making small talk (1). Conversation starters. Talking about the weather: 'Isn’t it a 'lovely day? 'Beautiful day, isn’t it? What 'lovely/'nice weather, isn’t it? It 'looks like it’s 'going to rain/ snow. I 'hear they’re 'fore'casting thunderstorms/ showers all weekend.

Slide 13. Unit 3. Making small talk (2). Talking about current events: Have you 'heard the news today/did you 'hear the news today? Have you 'heard/did you 'hear about the blackout/the floods…? I 'hear they have 'opened a 'new exhi bition hall at the Tretyakov Gallery. I 'read in the paper today they are 'going to 'build a 'new shopping mall. 'What do you 'think about the 'new 'Stephen Spielberg film?

Slide 14. Unit 3. Making small talk (3). At a social event: Are you en joying yourself? 'Pretty 'nice place, isn’t it? Have you 'tried their sushi? It’s de licious! Have you 'known the 'Browns long? This 'dress 'suits you 'very well. Can I 'ask 'where you got it? How 'long have you been 'coming to this con vention (conference, workshop, etc. )?

Slide 15. Unit 3. Making small talk (4). Exit lines: That’s my bus/ train/etc. Must be going. They’ve just an'nounced my flight. Must be going. There a 'few 'people here I 'haven’t 'said he llo to yet. I have to 'say he llo to some people. Can I 'get you a/another drink? I 'skipped lunch today so I 'need to 'go to the buffet ([‘b. Vfe. I]). Ex cuse me for a moment, I 'need to have a quick 'word with Mr. Smith. Will you ex cuse me for a moment?

Slide 16. Unit 3. Извините: sorry, excuse me, I beg your pardon. Situation 1. Извините, виноват(а). Formal: I 'beg your pardon Neutral: I am sorry. I am very/ awfully sorry. Ex cuse me. Informal: I am sorry. Sorry. Situation 2. Извините, что вы сказали? Formal: I beg your pardon/ Pardon? Neutral : I am sorry? Ex cuse me? (Am. E) Informal: Sorry? Situation 3. Извините, не могли бы Вы … (attracting attention). Formal: Could I just trouble you for a moment? Neutral : Ex cuse me. I am sorry. Informal. Sorry.

Slide 17. Unit 3. Intonation and Stress (1). A statement is normally pronounced with the falling tone on the Tonic. The Tonic is the syllable of the greatest stress. e. g. 'Most 'capitals are cosmo politan cities. Note: such words as articles, one syllable prepositions, auxiliaries, modal verbs, most pronouns, etc. are NOT normally stressed. e. g. I 'don’t 'know any French, but my English is good. The rhythm of an English sentence is such that stressed and unstressed syllables alternate. e. g. There are 'many 'ethnic 'groups in London.

Slide 18. Unit 3. Intonation and Stress (2). The Tonic is usually the last stressed word in a sentence, but the speaker can put emphasis on a different word to change the meaning. COMPARE: 1. He 'went to Cali'fornia to 'get sup plies. 2. He 'went to Cali fornia to get supplies. OR 1. I knew you would help me. (you did) 2. I 'thought you would help me. (you did not)

Slide 19. Unit 3. Intonation and Stress (3). Read the poem: And 'crossing the 'Channel one 'cannot say much || For the French or the Spanish, the Danish or Dutch ; The 'Germans are Germans , the 'Russians are red And the 'Greeks and I'talians eat garlic in bed The 'English are moral, the 'English are good And clever and modest and ımisunder stood…

Slide 20. Unit 3. Stating One’s Opinion. Useful phrases: I think … It’s my opinion that … I’m fairly certain… I feel … I believe … I’m pretty sure that … State your opinion using a phrase from above. Decide which word is the Tonic. e. g. I think 'Moscow is a nice city to live in. OR I believe 'Moscow is a difficult city to live in. 1. Moscow is a nice/difficult city to live in. 2. People in the county/small towns/large cities are much friendlier than …. 3. English people are cold and reserved/polite and friendly. 4. Young Europeans are more/less independent than young Russians. 5. University students have a lot more/less freedom than schoolchildren.

Slide 21. Unit 3. Tag Questions: Asking for Opinion/Information. Tag questions are little questions at the end of a sentence. e. g. You are from Moscow, aren’t you? If the speaker is not sure of the truth of the statement, he/she makes they are asking a question using the rising tone at the end. e. g. You 'didn’t 'take my book, did you? || – 'No, I didn’t. – 'Yes, I did. The 'Dutch can 'win the World Cup, can’t they? || – 'Yes, they can. – 'No, they can’t. Aust'ralia is a 'member of the Commonwealth, isn’t it? || – 'Yes, it is.

Slide 22. Unit 3. Tag Questions: Making a Statement. If the speaker makes a statement he/she believes to be true and expects an agreement, the falling tone is used at the end. e. g. You are students, aren’t you? || – 'Yes, we are. 'Traffic on' Monday mornings is awful, isn’t it? || – 'Yes, it is. 'People haven’t landed on Mars yet, have they? || – 'No, they haven’t.

Slide 23. Unit 4. Asking for information: Indirect Questions. Opening Phrase + Do you 'know Question Word when + Subject + Verb …? 'Great 'Britain be'came an empire? I’d 'like to 'know if/whether 'Russia had 'links with England in the 16 th century.

Slide 24. Unit 5. Suggesting, Requesting, Instructing. Formal I 'wonder if it is 'possible to use your laptop? Would you 'mind if I 'used your phone? Do you 'think I could 'use your dictionary? * Do you 'mind if I 'use your phone? Could you help us? I 'don’t sup'pose you’ll be 'able to help us? / I sup 'pose you 'won’t be 'able to help us? 'Will you 'wait for him in the lobby? 'Why don’t you 'wait for him in the lobby? 'Is it all 'right if I 'use your dictionary? Can I 'use your phone? Neutral Informal

Slide 25. Unit 5. Конечно: Certainly vs Of course. Situation 1. A: Can you give me his address? B: Certainly!/ Of course I can. Situation 2. A: Is 10 Downing Street the Prime Minister’s address? B: It certainly is. NOT: Of course, it is. OR A: Do you speak German? B: Yes, I do. “Of course” is not an appropriate answer if you are asked for information. “Of course” in this case implies that the answer is so evident that you shouldn’t have asked about it!

Slide 26. Unit 5. Asking for Opinion. You can ask someone’s opinion in the following way: Question Word 'When 'Why 'Who + do you think + Subject they the 'Dean + Verb …? will 'start winning? said it? will win the match?

Slide 27. Unit 5. Asking and answering negative questions. 1. 'Don’t you 'like the concert? 'Yes, I do. (= нет, нравится) 'No, I don’t. (= да, не нравится) 2. You 'didn’t know the man, did you? 'Yes, I did. (= нет, знал) 'No, I didn’t. (да, не знал) 3. I sup'pose he 'hasn’t bought the tickets? 'Yes, he has. (= нет, купил) 'No, he hasn’t. (= да, не купил)

Slide 28. Unit 6. Asking about one’s plans. Are you 'going to the party tomorrow? (implying that a decision would be welcome) Will you 'take 'part in …. ? (requesting/insisting) Will you be at the party tomorrow? Will I 'see you at the party tomorrow?

Slide 29. Unit 6. Giving and Accepting Compliments. Compliment formula 1 Noun Phrase + Your'dress Your 'hair Is/looks is 'looks + (really) 'really + Adjective beautiful. great!

Slide 30. Unit 6. Giving and Accepting Compliments. Compliment formula 2 I I I + (really) 'really + 'like love like/love + Noun Phrase your hairstyle. your new apartment.

Slide 31. Unit 6. Giving and Accepting Compliments. Compliment formula 3 Pronoun + That’s is + (really) a 'really a 'great AND: You 'handled it marvelously! You ('really) 'did a 'good job. You 'did great! 'Nice game. + Adjective 'nice 'looking + Noun Phrase carpet. car.

Slide 32. Unit 6. Compliment Response Formulas. Thank you/Thanks + 1. adding extra information I bought it at Marks and Spencer 2. playing it down I’ve had this dress for years. 3. shifting credit Ann did a lot to help me with it. 4. asking a question Do you really think so? 5. returning a compliment A: Your presentation was really good. B: Thank you. So was yours!

Slide 33. Unit 6. Giving and Accepting Congratulations. Occasion Congratulations Response Birthday Congratulations! Thank you!/Thanks a lot!/ Happy birthday! / Many happy returns! / All the best. /Lots of good Thanks. wishes. Wedding (Many) congratulations to you both Thank you! (you and your bride/groom). / Nice of you to say We/I wish you every happiness /all so. the best for the future/I hope you’ll be very happy together. Getting a new job Graduating from college/etc. Congratulations! I hope it goes well for you in your new job. Congratulations! That was well deserved! Thank you.

Slide 33 a. Unit 6. Giving and Accepting Congratulations. Occasion Congratulations Response New Year Happy New Year! / A very Happy New Year to you all/everyone! you too! / All the very best to you, too. All the best for a happy and healthy New Year! Health and happiness in New Year! Christmas Merry Christmas! Have a happy white Christmas! Thanksgiving Happy Thanksgiving! Have a happy Thanksgiving! Thank you. Merry Christmas to you, too! Thank you! Have a happy Thanksgiving, too.

Slide 34. Unit 7. Agreeing and Disagreeing. Useful phrases to agree and disagree with someone’s opinions Agreeing strongly That’s ('very) true. I ag ree with you there. Yes, I know e'xactly what you mean. You are 'absolutely right. Agreeing partly Disagreeing strongly Yes, but I am a'fraid I 'That’s just 'don’t you 'think … I ag ree with you, but… 'don’t quite ag 'not true! ree with you. 'Oh, 'come on! I 'don’t think (infml) so. I 'don’t see it quite like that.

Slide 34 a. Unit 7. Agreeing and Disagreeing. Useful phrases to agree and disagree with facts Agreeing strongly You are 'absolutely right. I 'quite ag ree. That’s right. Right. Yes. E xactly Agreeing partly Disagreeing I ag'ree 'up to I am af'raid not. a point, 'Not quite. but 'that’s 'not That’s 'not the' whole the 'whole picture.

Slide 35. Unit 7. Я тоже: So do I/ Neither do I. Situation 1. 1) A: I hate large parties! B: 'So do I. 2) A: I can 'speak 'English fluently. B: 'So can I. Situation 2. 1) A: I wouldn’t 'like to 'join the army. B: 'Neither would I. 2) A: I have 'never been to the 'Middle East. B: 'Neither have I.

Slide 36. Unit 7. Showing Interest. Useful words to show interest: Right. Aha! OK. Really? Yes? Another way of saying Really? is to repeat the auxiliary verb the other speaker has used. e. g. A: I was the 'last to 'leave the party. B: Were you? A: I 'didn’t return 'home until 'four in the morning! B: Didn’t you?

Slide 37. Unit 8. Using Fillers. Formal So to speak If I may. . Neutral Actually, Well, In a sense, I mean You know Informal Sort of… Like… Er… e. g. A: Do you think we should throw a party for our girls on the 8 th of March? After all, it is their day. Or flowers might be a better idea? B: Well, I am not really sure. I mean if it is a surprise party we may find they have planned something else for the day.

Slide 38. Unit 8. Using Hedges are used to protect the speaker from the risk of seeming to be wrong, impolite, etc. They can also act as fillers. The most common hedges are: Generally speaking, To be honest If I may so, Sorry to interrupt but …. Personally I think/ I guess/ I believe/ I feel. Correct me if I am wrong, …. If you know what I mean. e. g. A: Strictly speaking, I haven’t got much experience of learning a foreign language but I think that attending a summer language school will do you a world of good. In an English-speaking environment, your English will definitely improve. B: Correct me if I am wrong, but you did go to a summer school in Brighton last year but it wasn’t much help. Was it?

Slide 39. Unit 9. Expressing Conviction. Useful phrases: Formal Less Formal I am convinced that … I strongly/firmly believe that … I honestly feel that … I’m a strong/firm believer in … Without a doubt … I do think/believe that… I really do feel/believe that … My view is that …. Definitely!

Slide 40. Unit 9. Expressing Conviction. Examples of Use: 1. I am con'vinced that 'fast 'food 'poses a 'danger to 'human health. 2. I 'firmly be'lieve that we are 'not a lone in this vast universe. . . 3. I 'honestly 'feel that I've 'spent 'more 'time in my car this month than I 'have 'sitting on my sofa. 4. I am 'positive that 'change is good. . 5. - Are you 'going to 'watch the game tonight? - Wi'thout a doubt! 6. I 'really 'feel 'mothers should 'stay at 'home with their 'young children.

Slide 41. Unit 9. Complaining. Useful phrases: I am 'sorry to 'have to say this, but … I’ve 'got a 'bit of a problem here, you see… Look, I am 'sorry to trouble you, but … I 'wonder if you could help me… (e. g. , there are no towels in my room) I 'don't 'want to 'make it of ficial, but. . . I 'don't 'want to 'take it any further/to of ficial channels, but….

Slide 42. Unit 9. Making and Accepting an Apology. Useful phrases: I am ('ever so) sorry. Oh, 'that’s al right, 'don’t worry. Oh, 'that’s al right, I am ('most) 'awfully these 'things happen. sorry. Oh, 'never mind, it I 'can’t 'say how sorry 'really 'doesn’t matter. I am. I just 'don’t 'know 'what to say. I’m 'so sorry.

Slide 43. Unit 10. Being Enthusiastic. Useful words and phrases: Lovely! Oh, 'that’s lovely! Great! 'That’s great! Fan tastic! Oh, 'that’s fan tastic! Marvellous! How marvellous! Wonderful! How wonderful! Ter rific! (infml. ) e. g. A: Mary has 'finally 'won in a lottery! B: Oh, great!/ 'That’s fan tastic!/How wonderful!

Slide 44. Unit 10. Being Sympathetic. Useful phrases: LESS SERIOUS NEWS 'Oh, no! 'What a pity! 'What a shame! 'Poor you! VERY SAD NEWS 'How awful! 'How terrible! That 'must have been awful! I am 'really 'sorry to hear that. e. g. I. A: I have 'failed in Maths. B: 'What a pity!/ 'Oh, no! II. A: Their 'airplane 'crashed when landing. B: Oh, 'how terrible/ awful.

Slide 46. Unit 11. Changing the Subject. Useful phrases Talking of… That reminds me… Oh, before I forget… By the way…. e. g. A: I 'watched a rather 'interesting programme on T V the other day. They 'talked about the dec'lining birth rate… B: 'Talking of T V, I 'bought a 'new flat-'screen 'T V yesterday. C: Oh, it 'must have 'cost you a fortune! B: 'Not really, 'though it was quite expensive. D: Oh, 'that re minds me. 'That restaurant 'John 'chose for his wedding celebration. That’s what I ● call ex ●pensive.

Slide 47. Unit 11. Interrupting and Returning to the Topic. Useful phrases: (1) Interrupting (2) Returning to the topic Ex'cuse me for inter rupting, but … 'Can I add something? 'Could I just 'come in here? 'Could I ask something? Sorry but …. 'Any way… In any case… To 'get 'back to 'what I was saying… 'Where was I? To re 'turn to… Going 'back to what I was saying…

Slide 48. Unit 11. Making Yourself Clear. Useful phrases: What I (really) mean is … What I am saying is … What I meant was … What I am trying to say is … Sorry, let me explain … Don’t misunderstand me … Don’t get me wrong, what I meant to say was … e. g. A: Com'puters are 'turning us into addicts. B: 'What/'How do you mean? A: 'What I mean/am 'trying to say is that 'many 'people 'stay 'glued to their P Cs in'stead of 'going 'out with friends….

Slide 49. Unit 12. Talking of Likes and Dislikes. Useful phrases (neutral): I (really) like I (really) love I (really) adore I (‘d) prefer It’s my all-time favourite. I am (well) into (infml) I am mad about (infml) I am a fan of I don’t like/love I dislike I hate I can’t stand … is rubbish e. g. 1. I adore Mariah Carey! I hate how she dresses sometimes, though. But I have been a fan of hers since I was little! 2. I am well into salsa this year. 3. Elton John really hates photographers. 4. Now I'd prefer Richard Gere to Harrison Ford.

Slide 50. Unit 12. Talking of Likes and Dislikes: Giving a reason. Useful phrases: He, She, They, It + is/are/was/were + really (really, really) good great/amazing/fantastic/superb e. g. 1. She [Anna Netrebko] is fantastic. Her beautiful soprano voice is a joy to listen to. 2. Johnny Depp is by far the best actor ever. He plays so many different characters. . .

Slide 51. PAST CONTINUOUS. Действие в В одиннадцать часов я развитии в работал в саду. определенн ый момент Когда я окончил или период в школу, всё ещё прошлом спорили о том, At eleven o’clock, I was working in the garden. When I left school, * they were still arguing about следует ли разрешить whether they should allow calculators in пользоваться exams. калькулятором на * The particular экзаменах. time or period of time in the past when a certain action was in progress can be indicated in the sentence with the help of another action expressed in the Past Simple.

Slide 52. PAST PERFECT vs PAST SIMPLE. Uses Past Perfect Past Simple Makes a sequence of events clear Describes the earlier action. When we reached the airport, the plane had taken off. (The plane took off before our arrival. ) Describes past events in the order they happened. When we reached the airport, the plane took off. (The plane took off immediately after we reached the airport. ) In time clauses after when, after, as soon as Shows that the second action took place only after the first one was completed. After he had given the police his name and address, he was allowed to go. Describes past events in the order they happened. Soon after he returned to Japan, he began to write a mathematical textbook for advanced learners.

Slide 54. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS vs PAST CONTINUOUS. The Past Perfect Continuous shows that the action had been going on for some time before a particular past moment. The Past Continuous emphasizes that the action was in progress at that past moment. His shoes were full of mud. She couldn’t answer the It was clear phone because she was that he had been digging in the garden.

Slide 55. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Basic patterns Degree Positive Pattern as … as not as/so … as Examples Revolution is as old as humanity. He is not so tall as his brother. Comparative -er/more … than less … than Their old place was smaller than my flat. Business is more exciting than any game. TV advertising is less effective than it was two years ago. Superlative Locating specific information is the easiest of all the reading strategies. Canterbury is one of the most attractive towns in Great Britain. What is the least popular pop group? the –est/most … of/in/ever the least … of/in/ever

Slide 56. PARTICIPLE (- ING OR - ED) ADJECTIVES. Verb + ing Verb + ed describes what somebody or something is like (active meaning) Lily’s doctor has just given her some frightening news. (= the news frightened her) describes how someone feels (passive meaning) The frightened children were silent and pale. (= the children were frightened)

Slide 57. Modifiers used with comparatives. Comparatives can be modified, that is made stronger or weaker with the help of certain words and phrases. The most commonly used modifiers are given in the table below. Style Modifiers Examples Russian Neutral much / far a little much/far more successful a little more successful Informal a lot a bit a lot more гораздо успешнее successful чуть успешнее a bit more намного успешнее (более успешный) немного успешнее (более успешный)

Slide 60. PRESENT CONTINUOUS. Действие в Я не знаю, о развитии в момент чем ты речи говоришь. I don’t know what you are speaking about. Действие в Что ты What are you развитии в делаешь в doing in настоящий период Вашингтоне? Washington? времени Note: The Present Continuous can be used with the time expressions always, constantly and forever to show that the speaker is annoyed. Remember that when no emotional colouring is implied, the Present Simple is used for repeated actions. Compare: Little Billy always tells lies to his mother, but she never believes him. (neutral) He is always telling lies. (annoyance)

Slide 61. PRESENT PERFECT vs PAST SIMPLE. Present Perfect Past Simple Describes an action at an indefinite time in the past and shows the connection between past and present. Describes an action at the exact time in the past and has no connection with present. Tom has caught a cold. He is Tom caught a cold three weeks ago sneezing and coughing. and had to stay in bed for a couple of I have just seen him. days. Jack has been to France several times I saw him yesterday. since he joined the sailing club. Jack went to France last year.

Slide 62. PRESENT PERFECT vs PRESENT SIMPLE. The Present Perfect is used to say The Present Perfect how long the situation has continued up to now. The Present Simple is never used in The Present Simple this meaning. e. g. I have always liked English people. BUT: I like English people. BUT:

Slide 64. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS vs PRESENT PERFECT. Present Perfect Continuous RECENT ACTIVITY I've been watching a lot of soap operas (lately). The guests have been arriving since 5 o'clock (probably unfinished activity). Have you been sunbathing? You're like a tomato! Present Perfect ACTIVITY AT AN INDEFINITE TIME IN THE PAST I've watched a lot of soap operas (at an indefinite time before now). Ted and Edna have just arrived (completed action). You look great! You've lost at least ten kilos. NO DIFFERENCE IN MEANING With such verbs as live, sit, stand, study, wait, work etc. Most families in Swindon have been living there for one year/ for some generations. Most families in Swindon have lived there for one year/ for some generations. _________________ With state verbs be, like, own, belong, etc. The castle has always belonged to our family.

Slide 65. A lot of – many – much. Countables Uncountables Examples Positive a lot (of)/ lots a lot of/lots of, a great deal of, a great number plenty of of, a great many, plenty of There were a lot of cars at the farm. He’s read a great number of press reports. Kids today are under a great deal of stress. Negative many There were not many visitors in the office. He doesn’t have much time to much rest. Interrogative many much Do you know many people you can actually rely on? Did he do much research for the commentaries?

Slide 66. A few/few and a little/little. meaning positive meaning: ‘some’, ‘not many/much, but better than nothing’ negative meaning: ‘not enough’, ‘not as many/much as necessary, or expected’ countables a few There were a few books on the stand. few The audience showed few signs of pleasure. uncountables a little He was having a little rest after the She had little knowledge of hard work. the working world. Notes: 1. The quantifiers few and little are chiefly used in written English. In an informal style they are normally replaced by not many/much, hardly any, only a few/ a little. e. g. There are hardly any girls of Middle Eastern or Asian appearance in advertisements or magazines. When she woke again, only a little time had passed. 2. Quite a few in an informal style means ‘a considerable number’.

Slide 67. Comparison of quantifiers. positive comparative superlative countables many books few books more books fewer books the most books the fewest book uncountables much time little time more time less time the most time the least time Note: In modern English, there is a tendency to use less and the least with plural countable nouns both in spoken and written contexts. The locals feel there are less chances of trouble with Mr. R. heading the police. The film I liked best had the least chances of winning the Academy Award.

Slide 68. Modifiers used with the comparatives of quantifiers. modifiers countables many/far/a lot uncountables much/far/a lot comparatives examples more fewer We need many/far/a lot more people to help us. Far/a lot fewer articles in magazines are written by women than men. more less I have much/far/a lot more experience now. He’s spending much/far/a lot less time with his family. Note that far and a lot can be used with the comparatives of quantifiers of both countable and uncountable nouns.

Slide 69. FUTURE SIMPLE vs BE GOING TO. Form Future Simple Be going to Use Predictions based on the speaker’s opinion or past experience. This form can refer to any time in the future. Predictions based on some evidence in the present that something will definitely happen. It is normally used to speak about the near future. In a few years laptop computers will be as common as telephones. (Aboard a plane) “This is your captain speaking. I’m afraid we’re going to be a bit late. We’re running into headwinds. ” Examples

Slide 70. FUTURE CONTINUOUS, FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS. Future Continuous Future Perfect Continuous Describes an action in progress at a particular moment or period of time in the future. This time tomorrow we’ll be walking around San Francisco! In a few years’ time many more employees will be working from home. 1. Describes an action which we expect will be completed by a particular time in the future. By the time we come to the office, they will have left. 2. Describes a state that will last for some time by a particular time in the future. Tom and Sally will have been married for five years in November. Describes an action in progress which will last for some time by a particular time in the future. They will have been having talks for a week on Monday. The council will have been debating for six hours by 5 p. m.

Slide 71. FUTURE SIMPLE, BE GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS. Future Simple Describes spontaneous decisions made at the moment of speaking. I think I'll take the children to the park on the river. Be going to Describes intentions, i. e. actions which have already been decided on by the time of speaking. Mr. Parker is going to take Kitty and Amy off to Scotland tonight. Present Continuous Describes arrangements made by the time of speaking. Mr. Parker is taking Kitty and Amy off to Scotland tonight. (He’s booked tickets. )

Slide 72. PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, FUTURE CONTINUOUS. Present Simple Present Continuous Future Continuous Describes future events that will happen according to the timetable or plan. (Things that are NOT under our control. ) The boat leaves Dublin at 10 a. m. and sails one hundred and fifty kilometres. . . Tomorrow, I take part in four graduation ceremonies as Vice Chancellor of the University of Dundee. (According to my working timetable. ) Describes arrangements and plans made by the speaker. My wife and I are leaving Venice next week. Next week I'm taking part in a music quiz. (It’s my personal decision. ) Can be used as a tactful way of asking about someone’s plans or refusing an invitation. How long will you be staying, Mr. Grimes? I’m sorry I can’t come to the party as I’ll be working nightshift. Note: The Future Continuous can also be used to talk about events that are a result of an arrangement. There is little difference between this form and the Present Continuous. CBS announces Dan Rather will be leaving/is leaving CBS News for good.

Slide 73. CLAUSES of TIME and CONDITION vs OBJECT CLAUSES. Clauses of Time and Object Clauses Condition He’ll start his own I want to give my friends business (WHEN? ) tickets to the show but when he returns to India. I'm not sure (ABOUT WHAT? ) when they’ll be I’ll forgive him (ON WHAT CONDITION? ) if able to attend. he convinces me he I don’t know (WHAT? ) if meant no harm. he’ll cause conflict.

Slide 74. ADVERBS. The Basics. Adverbs are normally used to modify verbs (1), adjectives (2), other adverbs (3) or whole clauses (4): 1. Adv + V Shakespeare’s later texts occasionally show signs of carelessness. 2. Adv + Adj London’s awfully expensive for shopping. 3. Adv + Adv We learn extremely slowly to trust each other rather than be enemies. 4. Adv + Clause Not surprisingly, only 24 per cent of the respondents thought that the company ‘treats employees well’. Note that the verb BE is always followed by an adjective, NOT an adverb.

Slide 75. Adverbs with two forms and differences in meaning (I). Direct meaning Figurative meaning deep (= a long way down) The boy took a very big breath and dived deep into the pool. deeply (= greatly/thoroughly) Anna was a strong woman, deeply religious and intelligent. high (= to a great height) Peter felt so happy that he jumped highly (= extremely) He was highly respected both as a musician and as a man with a gracious personality. wide (= opening or spreading as much as possible) Mrs. Williams opened the door wide and stepped aside. widely (= in a lot of places or by a lot of people) He became widely known and respected as a writer of adventure stories.

Slide 76. Adverbs with two forms and differences in meaning (II). direct (= without stopping) directly (= a) with no one in between He went direct to Camp Lewis, and soon b)exactly) from there to France. I got that directly from someone who is in a position to know. The professor looked directly at us. free (= without paying) freely (= as much as you like and in what-ever way you like) Greek politicians and their families We like to believe that people in this country can speak freely. travelled free on the airline. hard (= with a lot of effort/a lot) hardly (= scarcely, almost not) The students were polite, reserved and You hardly know the depth of her studied hard to graduate. character and the strength of her love. I laughed so hard I had tears in my eyes! late (= not on time/not early) John arrived late and missed the train. lately (= recently) Have I told you lately that I love you?

Slide 77. Comparison of adverbs. Adverbs Positive Comparative Superlative Adverbs soon having the fast same form as near adjectives sooner faster nearer the soonest the fastest the nearest Two syllable or compound adverbs quietly slowly often more quietly more slowly* more often the most quietly the most slowly the most often Irregular adverbs badly well much/many/a lot little far worse better more less farther/further the worst the best the most the least the farthest/ furthest * The adverbs which in spoken English have the same form as adjectives (cheap, loud, slow, quick) can form their comparatives and superlatives in two ways: I walked more slowly, looking at the trees now. They walked slower, silently, past the library and into the park.

Slide 78. Position of adverbs in sentences. Adverbs can go in three different positions in a sentence: front position Sometimes he tells the truth. mid position I’ve always been a quick reader. end position. He bought the house cheaply. NB Certain types of adverbs go mainly in mid position, i. e. before the main verb but after the verb ‘be’ in simple tenses; after the first auxiliary verb in compound tenses.

Slide 79. Mid-position adverbs. Adverbs of frequency always, ever, never, He is often late for classes. often, rarely, They never miss a chance to have fun. seldom Adverbs of time already, just, no longer, now, soon, still, then Adverbs of certainty certainly, definitely, She will probably need painkillers after the probably operation. The musicians have definitely developed their own style and sound. They are still working on the album. He will no longer have any doubt. Note: The adverbs of certainty and the adverbs sometimes and still go before a negative auxiliary. E. g. He probably won’t recognize you. They still haven't found what they're looking for. The adverbs of frequency and time OTHER THAN mentioned above can go in all the three positions. e. g. Occasionally he took her out to lunch. Philip occasionally went to London during the season. He went there occasionally to visit his brother.

Slide 80. Position of adverbs of manner. Adverbs of manner (which describe how something is done) usually go in end position, i. e. after the verb they modify or its object. Tourism is developing fast in the area. Adverbs ending in –ly (except badly) can also go in mid position. Marty got all his plumbing tools out and arranged them carefully on the floor. (end position) He carefully arranged the jacket, so the collar was right. (mid position)

Slide 81. Passive verb forms. BE (in the necessary tense form) + DONE The Internet This matter He The information was launched in 1969. Is being discussed right now in the US Senate. has been called a born politician. the scientific will be published in literature. Notes: 1. The Passive can be used with modal verbs (modal + be + done) e. g. The work can be divided into a few stages. People’s cultural beliefs should be respected. 2. Future Continuous Passives (will be being done) and Perfect Continuous Passives (has/had been being done) are unusual and should be avoided.

Slide 82. Passives. The particulars: Prepositional verbs in the Passive. accuse of approve of call in comment on deal with discriminate against laugh at listen to look after look at look for look into look upon mock at operate on rely on shout at talk about think of NB Verbs followed by a preposition in passive structures take the preposition immediately after them. The patient was operated on yesterday. Every detail will be looked into. This book is being much talked about.

Slide 83. Verbs with two objects that can be used in two passive structures. ask give grant lend offer pay promise refuse send show teach tell Verbs which take two objects, direct and indirect, can be used in two passive structures. Active: His brother has given him (1) money (2) to help him get married. * Passive: (1) He has been given money to help him get married. (2) Money has been given to him to help him get married. * (1) is an indirect object; (2) is a direct object NB 1. The first passive structure is more common. 2. In the second passive structure, the preposition ‘to’ is often used before the indirect object.

Slide 84. Verbs with two objects that can be used in one passive structure. announce devote describe dictate explain point out propose suggest Verbs which take two objects, direct and prepositional, can only be used in one passive structure. Active: The teacher explained the rule (1) to the students (2). * Passive: (1) The rule was explained to the students. (2) Impossible! * (1) is a direct object; (2) is a prepositional object

Slide 85. The definite article. The Particulars (I). THE+ADJECTIVE. We use the definite article with adjectives (without a noun) when we talk about groups of people the same way we talk about some nationalities: the British the French the Spanish the Dutch the the the young the rich the unemployed the sick the the the old the poor the homeless the dead the the The meaning is always plural: the disabled = disabled people (in general), but a disabled person.

Slide 86. Common verbs used to introduce Reported Speech. Statements say, tell, explain, add, continue, answer, reply, admit, complain, mention, remark, warn, state, stress to report ideas: think, decide, imagine She said she knew what she was doing. We never imagined that the forest would be destroyed. Questions ask, want to know, enquire They asked why I did not want (formal), to go back. wonder (спросить себя) I wondered what she was doing there. a) Commands b) Requests a) tell, order, command, forbid b) ask, beg (умолять), urge (настоятельно просить, настаивать) The judge ordered them to learn to speak English. I begged him to do me this favour.

Slide 87. REPORTED STATEMENTS. Direct Speech Reported Speech 1. “Clothes are important to me, ” said Max. 2. She said, “I’m dating James now. ” 3. The minister said, “I have recently raised the question with the government. ” 4. Mary said, “I didn’t sleep at all last night. ” 5. May said, “I was taking myself too seriously five years ago. ” 6. “I had finished all that was required of me by yesterday, ” he said. 7. She told me, “I’ll call you tomorrow. ” 1. Max remarked that clothes were important to him. 2. She said she was dating James at that time. 3. The minister stated that he had recently raised the subject with the government. 4. Mary explained she hadn’t slept at all the previous night. 5. May admitted she had been taking herself too seriously five years before. 6. He said (that) he had finished all that was required of him by the previous day. 7. She told me she would call me the following day.

Slide 88. REPORTED QUESTIONS. Direct Speech Reported Speech General (yes/no) “Do you have any The chairman asked questions, if we had any comments, or questions, comments, suggestions? ” or suggestions. asked the chairman. Special questions “Why did Max She wanted to know wear this strange why Max had worn outfit ? ” she asked. that strange outfit.

Slide 89. REPORTED COMMANDS AND REQUESTS. Direct Speech Reported Speech Commands “Play quietly, ” she said She told the children to the children. to play quietly. “Don’t ask any The man forbade me questions, ” said the man. to ask any questions. Requests “Please wait outside, ” The secretary asked the secretary said to me. me to wait outside. “Please don’t mention Mary begged me not this to anyone, ” said to mention that to Mary. anyone.

Slide 90. REPORTED SPEECH. The Particulars. Pattern 1. Verb + clause admit, agree, announce, believe, boast, comment, complain, conclude, confess, decide, doubt, exclaim, insist, observe, point out, predict, repeat, report, respond etc. “I’m not sure security is good. ” → He doubted that security was good. “Significant progress has been achieved on key issues. ” → The Minister announced that significant progress had been achieved on key issues.

Slide 91. REPORTED SPEECH. The Particulars. Pattern 2. Verb + object + clause assure, inform, “The school will be reassure, remind, conducting a leadership training camp. ” → warn The letter informed the students that the school will be conducting a leadership training camp.

Slide 92. REPORTED SPEECH. The Particulars. Pattern 3. Verb + infinitive agree, guarantee, offer, promise, refuse, threaten “I’m ready to resign. ” → The chairman of the board offered to resign.

Slide 93. REPORTED SPEECH. The Particulars. Pattern 4. Verb + object + infinitive advise, allow, ask, beg, encourage, forbid, force, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, tell, urge, warn “Always think for yourselves. ” → Their father encouraged them to think for themselves. “Be careful with the motor-bike!” → She warned him to be careful with the motorbike.

Slide 94. REPORTED SPEECH. The Particulars. Pattern 5. Verb + -ing form admit, apologise for smth (to smb), decide on, deny, mention, recommend, regret, report, suggest “Sorry, I told a lie, ” he said. → He apologised for telling a lie. “Let’s go out for lunch. ” → She suggested going out for lunch.

Slide 95. REPORTED SPEECH. The Particulars. Pattern 6. Verb + object + preposition + ing-form accuse smb of, blame smb for, congratulate smb on, thank smb for “It's your fault that you aren't succeeding in sales. ” → The manager blamed me for not succeeding in sales.

Slide 96. INFINITIVE. Forms. Active Passive Simple To do To be done Perfect To have done Continuous To be doing To have been done ______ Perfect Continuous To have been doing ______

Slide 97. Common Structures with the Infinitive. Pattern 1: Infinitive phrase after the adjectives expressing someone's feelings. delighted fortunate glad happy (un)lucky (dis)pleased proud sorry surprised, etc. You can use a to-infinitive if the subject is the same in both clauses. If the subjects are different, you must use a that-clause. To-infinitive: He is glad to have been invited to the party. Он рад, что его пригласили на вечеринку. That-clause: He is glad that his girlfriend was invited to the party. Он рад, что его девушку пригласили на вечеринку. Note: The most common infinitives used in this pattern are: find, learn, hear, see, say, tell, inform. e. g. I was pleased to hear/see/learn that I'd passed my exam.

Slide 98. Common Structures with the Infinitive. Pattern 2: 'Of-phrase' with the Infinitive expressing praise or criticism. You use the structure 'of someone + to-infinitive' after the following adjectives: clever /sensible kind silly/stupid good nice typical/characteristic generous (im)polite wrong/bad, etc.

Slide 99. Common Structures with the Infinitive. Pattern 3: Infinitive used after adjectives describing personal opinions. When you want to express an opinion about someone or something, you often use an adjective followed by 'to'infivitive. easy hard (un)pleasant difficult interesting (un)safe , etc. dangerous (im)possible e. g. The problem is hard to solve. She was interesting to talk to. Note: In this function you always use the Active Infinitive. (to solve, to talk, etc. NOT ‘to be talked, to be solved, etc. ’) NB

Slide 100. Common Structures with the Infinitive. Pattern 5: Infinitive used to express purpose. The infinitive in this function is always used with to. e. g. We must make every effort to find a diplomatic solution to the crisis. To keep warm at night, you should buy an electric blanket. In a more formal style you can use 'in order to' or 'so as to' e. g. She started to cry in order to arouse pity from her parents. We are doing a research so as to keep up with the market needs. In negative sentences, 'so as not to' is usually used. (NOT 'not to' alone) e. g. We left early so as not to be late.

Slide 101. Common Structures with the Infinitive. Pattern 6: Infinitive used to express result. Adjective/adverb + enough + infinitive too + adjective/adverb + infinitive She’s old enough to do some work. NB He was driving slowly enough to enjoy the view. She’s too old to do any work. He was driving too fast to enjoy the view. Note: It is important not to put an object after the infinitive in this structure. Compare: The bag is too heavy (for me) to carry. → (NOT ‘to carry it’) The bag is very heavy. I can't carry it. The bag is so heavy that I can't carry it. The bag is light enough The bag is quite light. I (for me) to carry. → (NOT can carry it. ‘to carry it’) The bag is so light that I can carry it.

Slide 102. COMPLEX OBJECT. 1. Verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive (with to) You can use this verb pattern after some verbs of wanting and liking: want, wish, expect, (would) like, (would) love, (would) prefer, (would) hate. I'd like you to come back soon. He didn’t want his son to study abroad. Did you expect this to happen? I would hate anyone to think I'm a liar. Я бы хотел, чтобы ты поскорее вернулся. Он не хотел, чтобы его сын учился за границей. Вы ожидали, что это произойдёт? Мне бы ужасно не понравилось, если бы ктонибудь считал меня

Slide 103. COMPLEX OBJECT. 2. Perception verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive (without to)/ -ing form The verbs of perception see, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe can be followed either by an infinitive without 'to' or present participle (-ing form). Complete action (infinitive without ‘to’) Action in progress (-ing form) Succession of actions ( infinitive without ‘to’) I saw him lock the door. I saw him coming up the stairs. I saw her wash the dishes and put them in the cupboard. Я видел, как/что он закрыл Я видел, как он дверь. поднимался по лестнице. Я видел, как/что она вымыла посуду и положила её в буфет. Notes: 1. The verb smell is usually used with an -ing form. 2. The -ing form is not usual for very short actions. e. g. I heard him cough. (once) I heard him coughing. (repeatedly)

Slide 104. COMPLEX OBJECT. The verbs of perception see, hear, observe are often used in the passive followed by an – ing form or an infinitive with ‘to’. e. g. They were seen to enter the (complete action) building. They were seen unlocking (action in progress) the door.

Slide 105. COMPLEX OBJECT. You CANNOT use the Complex Object if the verbs see, hear, notice, feel change their lexical meaning and are no longer verbs of perception. You must use a that-clause. e. g. I see (=think, understand) you're going out tonight. I’ve heard/hear*(=have learnt) he donates a lot of money to charity. He noticed (=realized) She felt (=believed) that she was in a bad mood. that he no longer loved her. * I hear = I've heard, I heard The Present Simple often replaces the Past Simple or Present Perfect in expressions like ‘I see/I hear’ used to talk about things one has found out.

Slide 106. Mustn't versus Not have to. Absence of necessity Prohibition You don't have to tell You mustn't * tell her. She knows the /You can't tell her. The news already. news may upset her. Emphatic Advice You mustn't get upset. Вам не нужно (нет Нельзя сообщать ей Ну не необходимости) новость. Она её может расстраивайся! сообщать ей новость. расстроить. Она её уже знает. * Note: In spoken English must not is usually avoided when you speak to or about another adult. Can't is normally used instead. e. g. You can't leave until I say so.

Slide 107. ABSENCE of NECESSITY: Present. Modals Needn’t Uses Examples 1. The speaker expresses his personal opinion that something is not necessary. We needn't hurry. We have plenty of time. 2. The speaker gives permission not to do something. You needn't come if you are busy. The speaker talks about a general Don’t need to necessity. You don't need to have a visa to go to Turkey. He does not need to pay the fare. – He is an old age pensioner.

Slide 108. ABSENCE of NECESSITY: Past. Didn't need to Something was not necessary and usually it was not done Needn’t have done Someone did something which was not necessary I didn't need to cook any food. I I needn't have cooked so much was leaving that night. food. My friends called and said they were not coming. Мне не надо было (не было Напрасно (зря) я приготовил необходимости) готовить еду. столько еды. Друзья позвонили Вечером того дня я уезжал. мне и сказали, что не придут.

Slide 109. BE + ‘to’-infinitive. Uses Example Translation Arrangements A seminar is to Семинар должен for the future be held in состояться в октябре. October. Они должны были They were to пожениться в июне. get married in June. Orders and instructions This form is to Анкету нужно be filled in and заполнить и сдать в returned within течение 10 дней. 10 days.

Slide 111. Common Structures with the Infinitive. Pattern 4: Infinitive used as Attribute to replace Relative clauses. After ordinal numbers the first, the second, etc. He was the first to leave/ to be given a prize. After the next, the last, the only She was the last (guest) to arrive at the party. He was the only person/ one to complain. After the superlatives the best, the most suitable, etc. The best place to see is Stanley Park. You are the most suitable man to carry out the task. After nouns George is just the man to vote for. There’s some work to do/ to be done. I have letters to write. After pronouns something/anything/nothing; someone/anyone/no one; a lot, much, little, etc. I’ll have something to dream about. We’ve got so much to learn.

Slide 112. COMPLEX OBJECT after Causative Verbs. Causative verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive (with or without ‘to’) Verb + infinitive without 'to' make I made him do his homework. (заставлять, принуждать) have let Equivalents -force Jane has her son clean his room on Sundays. (велеть, поручить, распорядиться) – tell, order, instruct We had them postpone the discussion. (добиться) -persuade I won't have you say such things in my presence. (не позволять, не допускать) -won’t allow/let Let him go home. (позволить, пусть) –suggest/Why I'm letting you stay up late just this once. (позволять, разрешать) not. . . /How about. . . Let's go out to dinner, shall we? (Давайте/Что если. . . ) Let's not argue.

Slide 113. COMPLEX OBJECT after Causative Verbs. Causative verb + noun/pronoun + infinitive (with or without ‘to’) get Verb + infinitive with 'to' Equivalents I must get John to help me with the -ask computer. (попросить) You'll never get me to do scuba diving. – persuade (убедить)

Slide 114. Modals. ABILITY: can, could, be able to Time reference + meaning Affirmative Negative Present ability/inability can = am/is/are able cannot (can’t) = am/is/are not able = He can run fast. = He is able am/is/are unable He cannot (can't) run fast. = He to run fast is not able (is unable) to run fast. Past ability/inability could He could run fast. = He was able to run fast. could not (couldn’t) =was/were not able = was/were unable He couldn't stop laughing. = He was not able (was unable) to stop laughing. Past ability + successful performance of an action on one occasion was/were able He was finally able to set a record. = could and did set a record _____________

Slide 115. Modals. Permission. Asking for Permission Can/Could/May I please use your cell phone? Do you think I could possibly leave early today? Would it be all right if I bring/brought my bike inside? I wonder if I could/ might borrow this book? Asking for Assistance Can / Could / Will/ Would you please open the window for me? I’m sorry to trouble you, but could you please lend me some money? Would you mind taking a photo of us?

Slide 116. Modals. OBLIGATION: must, have to/have got to modals uses examples must 1. obligation that comes from the speaker 2. public notices and documents expressing commands (written and formal English) 3. strong recommendation, emphatic advice I must give up smoking. (I want to) Application forms must be returned to the office within 15 days. You must see the Picasso exhibition. have to obligation that comes from 'outside' I have to give up smoking. (My doctor wants me to) have got to single actions! (informal English) I've got to see a doctor. Have you got to leave now? I haven't got to work tomorrow.

Slide 118. The use of tenses with by the time … expressions Tense Past Simple Use Examples state By that time, he knew he wanted to be a geologist. Past Continuous action in progress By the time he put the key into the lock, his heart was thumping in his chest. Past Perfect completed action By the time he reached his hotel, Craig had caught a chill. Past Perfect Continuous action which had been going on for some time By the time he reached harbour, he had been sailing for two nights without sleep.

Slide 119. ARTICLES. The Basics. “a” The indefinite article is used to speak about somebody or something the speaker sees as unknown or indefinite. There is a man to see you. You can buy a newspaper here. “ 0” The zero article is used to speak about people or things the speaker sees as unknown or indefinite. There are _0_ men to see you. You can buy _0_ newspapers here. “the” The definite article is used to speak about somebody or something already known to the speakers or definite in their minds. The man who wants to see you is our customer. The men who want to see… I read the newspaper(s) with great interest.

Slide 120. Meanings conveyed by the articles. “a” “the” one of many, some/any = некий, какой -то They went to a party. A Mr. Smith phoned you. He is a journalist with the BBC. this/that = тот самый. these/those= те самые one = один We’ve got an apple tree and the only = many strawberry beds in our единственный garden. Our life depends on the sun. Russia is the largest country in the world. any = любой, каждый A child can do it. Books can be borrowed from a library. Choose a career you like. She lived alone and she never left the house. He took her by the hand. his/her/its/their /etc = чей-то конкретно They enjoyed the party (they went to). The Smith from the BBC phoned you. The flowers in your garden look pretty.

Slide 121. The use of articles with geographical names (I). The article “the” is used with the names of: oceans the Arctic Ocean seas the Black Sea rivers the Volga channels the English Channel canals the Suez Canal gulfs the Gulf of California groups of lakes groups of islands peninsulas mountain ranges deserts the Great Lakes the British Isles the Cola Peninsula the Urals the Sahara Desert

Slide 122. The use of articles with geographical names (II). The zero article is used with the names of: planets continents countries* states, provinces and counties cities Mars, Venus Australia BUT the Americas Great Britain BUT the Russian Federation Texas, Alberta, Sussex Moscow, New Orleans BUT the Hague bays an island (singular) a lake (singular) a mountain capes Hudson Bay Sicily Lake Baikal Mount Everest Cape Cod, The Cape (= The Cape of Good Hope)

Slide 123. The article with uncountable nouns. The basics. Nouns Material Food and drink Abstract idea Activity Area of Study/Language Disease “ 0” “the” The zero article is used to speak about the substance, idea, or thing in general. e. g. _0_ Coffee keeps one awake. _0_ Life is impossible without _0_ water. _0_ Hunting was the main occupation of prehistoric men. The definite article is used to speak about a particular amount of the substance, a particular idea or thing e. g. The coffee was horrible. The life of survivors was hard. The water found on the island was undrinkable. The Hunting of the President has become a bestseller.

Slide 124. The use of articles with proper nouns. The zero article is used with the names of: streets roads squares avenues boulevards lanes parks bridges Oxford Street but the Strand, the Mall Charing Cross Road Washington Square Fifth Avenue Sunset Boulevard Park Lane Green Park Tower bridge but the Brooklyn Bridge (and many others!) airports stations universities Heathrow Airport Paddington Station Columbia University

Slide 125. The use of articles with proper nouns. The zero article is also used: In two-word names if the first word is Buckingham Palace, the name of a person or place Windsor Castle With a possessive noun before the St Paul’s Cathedral name if the names of hotels, banks, shops, Tailors Hotel, Lloyds etc. begin with the name of their Bank, Selfridges, founder and end in -s or –‘s Igg’s

Slide 126. The use of articles with proper nouns. The article “the” is usually used with the names of: motorways/freeways hotels theatres cinemas museums, galleries buildings NB the A 11 the Hilton the Palladium the Odeon The Natural History Museum, the National Gallery The White House, the Millennium Dome Note: All names which include of are used with the definite article e. g. the University of York, the Palace of Westminster

Slide 127. The definite article. Revision. The Basics. The definite article is used to speak about somebody or something already known to the speakers or definite in their minds. e. g. The man who wants to see you is our customer. The men who want to see… I read the newspaper(s) with great interest. a particular amount of the substance, a particular idea or thing e. g. The coffee was horrible. The life of survivors was hard. The water found on the island was undrinkable. The Hunting of the President has become a bestseller.

Slide 128. The definite article. The Particulars (II). We usually use the definite article with the following nouns (countable and uncountable) when we use them in a general way : the country(side), the earth ( = the world we live in), the environment, the future, * the ground, the past, the public*, the seaside, the sky, the weather, the world, etc.

Slide 129. The definite article. The Particulars (III). We also say, the cinema, theatre, the radio (BUT television) unless we mean a particular thing e. g. 1. Most people prefer to go to the cinema in company rather than alone. 2. Every Greek town had a theatre.

Slide 130. The definite article. The Particulars (IV). The definite article is used with nouns which are followed by a limiting, defining phrase (ограничивающее определение) such as ofphrase or which-phrase. e. g. She married the son of a butcher. He pointed at the map which was hanging on the wall.

N B Slide 131. TILL/UNTIL & UNLESS. Note: Remember that till/until and unless have a negative meaning and avoid double negation. Until you make a decision you really won't know if it is a good one or a bad one. Пока вы не примете решение, вы не узнаете, хорошее оно или плохое. Unless she works hard, she won’t get a promotion. Если она не будет много работать, она не получит повышения по службе.

Slide 132. Many and much in positive sentences. Many and much are often used in positive sentences: a) in a formal style Many features of the early American cultures were based on maize. Much of Britain is densely populated and intensively farmed. b) when they are modified by so/too/very I’ve got so many problems at the moment. I’m afraid I spend too much time on my research.

Slide 133. Modal Verbs in Reported Speech (I). can → could “I can’t make a decision without knowing the facts. ” → He said he couldn’t make a decision without knowing the facts. can → would be “I can fix the problems next week. ” → She able said she would be able to fix the problems the following week. may → might “We may choose not to have children at all. ” → A fifth of the women surveyed said they (possibility) might choose not to have children at all. shall → should “Where shall I sign up? ” → She asked where should sign up.

Slide 134. Modal Verbs in Reported Speech (II). must → must/had to (obligation) “You must have surgery as soon as possible. ” → The doctor said I must/ had to have surgery as soon as possible. “You must be mistaken. ” → He said I must be mistaken. must → must (должно быть) needn’t → didn’t “You needn’t worry about cooking any need to/didn’t have to more. ” → He said I didn’t need to/didn’t have to worry about cooking any more. N B Note: ought to, should, could, might, had better do not change when reported.

Slide 135. The Indefinite Article. The Basics. Revision (II). Meanings conveyed by the indefinite article one of many, e. g. They went to a party. some/any = A Mr. Smith phoned you. некий, какой He is a journalist with the BBC. -то one = один e. g. We’ve got an apple tree and many strawberry beds in our garden. any = любой, e. g. A child can do it каждый Books can be borrowed from a library. Choose a career you like.

Slide 136. SAY AND TELL. Patterns Examples SAY 1. SAY THAT 2. SAY TO SMB (THAT) 3. SAY a word/a name/ a sentence/a phrase 1. She says that someone is waiting for you. 2. And do you know what they said to us? 3. The next day at school, Sam didn't say a word to Mel. TELL 1. TELL SMB (THAT) 2. TELL SMB TO DO SMTH 3. TELL the truth/a lie/ a story/a joke 1. You never told me that you don’t like football. 2. He told the students to work hard and revise for the exams. 3. Do you think he told the truth?

Slide 137. SPEAK AND TALK. Uses Examples SPEAK 1. physical ability to speak 2. knowledge and use of languages 3. one-way communication 4. formal lectures (to speak on a subject) 5. on the phone 1. He hasn't been able to speak for about a week now. 2. California alone has 5. 5 million people who speak Spanish at home. 3. I feel embarrassed when I have to speak to my boss. 4. Today we are welcoming the Premier of Ontario, who is going to speak to us on Canada and the Constitution. 5. Hello. Could I speak to John Martin, please? TALK 1. Everybody was talking and laughing and telling stories of their youth. 2. Valerie, could I talk to you in the kitchen? 3. This is Mr John Nolan, who is going to talk to us about the upcoming holiday season. 4. Now you're talking sense! That's a good boy. 1. conversational exchanges 2. informal situations 3. informal lectures (to talk about a subject) 4. talk sense/nonsense

Slide 138. EVERY, EACH, ALL. Uses Examples EVERY (Shows that 3 or more objects are considered together as a group. ) 1. with singular nouns 2. with plural nouns EVERY individual is responsible for their* actions. A Polish proverb suggests that EVERY error has its excuse. Stop changing television channels EVERY five minutes!** EACH (Shows that 2 or more objects are considered separately. ) 1. with singular nouns 2. with plural pronouns EACH student will demonstrate their skills during the contest. EACH plan has its advantages. We EACH*** know when we're free and when we're not. EACH of us knows the lyrics to a thousand pop songs. ALL 1. with plural nouns 2. with uncountable nouns ALL (the)**** girls are lovely. ALL of my/these/the/etc. CDs are from my elder brother. ALL money has been stolen. ALL of the champagne we have is from France.

Slide 139. ELSE, OTHER and ANOTHER. Pattern Examples ELSE 1. what (who, where, when, how) else 2. something (anything, nothing, etc. ) else 1. What else did he tell you? How else can you explain all this? 2. I didn't see anything else that caught my interest at the store. Some of these species are found nowhere else on earth. OTHER 1. what other + noun What other benefits can credit cards offer? 2. some (any, no) Sorry, I’ve got no other ideas. other ANOTHER another few (two, five, etc. ) + plural noun He’s coming back in another few days. Follow this road for another five miles or so.

Slide 140. ANOTHER, the OTHER, (the) OTHERS. Number Indefinite pronouns Russian Examples singular another* the other 1) еще один 2) (какойнибудь) другой (из двух) 1. Could I have another look at the map? 2. Could I have another test instead of an x-ray? When Eric heard Sam on the other end of the line, he hung up. plural others / other + pl N the others / the other + pl N другие остальные Some college students prefer to live alone. Others / other students prefer to live with roommates in a dormitory. One of the young men is played by a real actor; the others / the other actors are non-professionals.

Slide 141. DO vs MAKE. 1. Activity vs result. DO Use Examples 1. indefinite activities (with something, anything, nothing, everything, what) 2. repeated or regular activities (work, job, hobbies) 3. in the structure do + some/the …ing 1. Have you ever disliked anyone who has done nothing to you? 2. The firm has been doing the work for more than 15 years. 3. Most travelers go to Fiji to do some swimming, snorkeling or diving. Janett did all the talking. I mostly listened to her talk. MAKE Emphasizes the end product, or result, of an action rather than the activity itself. I’d be happy to make you a cup of tea or coffee. He plans to set up a small workshop to make carpets. At that time the workers were making a fire to cook their dinner.

Slide 142. DO vs MAKE. 2. Common fixed expressions. DO one’s best business one’s duty (an) exercise a favour good MAKE one’s hair harm homework housework research sport an attempt arrangements a decision an effort an exception a fire a fortune a fuss a mistake money a noise peace a plan a profit progress a suggestion

Slide 143. Saying “NO”. Use V+Noun decline smth (an offer, an invitation, a request, etc. ) отклонить V+Infinitive DECLINE (fml) to refuse politely REFUSE* in a decisive, or refuse smth (an refuse to do even rude way invitation, an offer, a отказаться drink, etc. ) отказаться REJECT to refuse strongly reject smth (an argument, an idea, a plan, etc. ) отвергнуть decline to do (= be unwilling to do) отказаться _____ Note: Chris refused an offer (NOT Chris refused from an offer).

Slide 144. THIS/THESE and THAT/THOSE (I). this/these that/those people and things close to the speaker in time and more distant from the speaker in space time and space Do you know this little boy? Who's that little boy that's looking I love these shoes! They felt great at me? right out of the box. It would be interesting indeed to look back on all those shoes we have worn over time. attitudes interest, positive attitude dislike, critical attitude Well, I would certainly like to meet Now, tell those friends of yours to these friends of yours sometime. empty out their pockets too.

Slide 145. THIS/THESE and THAT/THOSE (II). this/these that/those situations and experiences which are going on or are about to which have just finished or are start more distant in the past I like this music! Do you remember that festival in Copenhagen? I’m so sad that I won’t be at this I wonder what happened at that party. on the telephone to identify yourself to ask about the hearer’s identity Hello, this is Jim Rockford. At the Hello? Is that the pizza delivery tone, leave your name and service? message.

Slide 146. AS and LIKE. Meaning Pattern AS ‘in the role of’ (в качестве) as + noun LIKE ‘similar to’, ‘in like + the same way noun/prono as’ un (подобно) Examples Now, as your elder brother, I advise you to go to bed! (I am your brother. ) Like your brother, I think you should go to bed. (I am not your brother, but I have a similar attitude. ) NOTE: As is also used in comparisons in the following patterns: as + clause Nicholas will spend those two weeks, as he does every summer, in Brighton. as + prepositional phrase In 2004, as in 2000, The Republicans won the elections in the US.

Slide 147. FIRST and AT FIRST Use 1. first item or point on the list 2. before anything or anyone else 3. for the first time to contrast two different situations in time (often followed by but) Examples First I went to New York City for a day, and then to Atlanta, Georgia. John arrived there first and waited outside. He first saw Philip in 1998. At first Max didn’t realize what had happened, but when he did he started to cry.

Slide 148. OFFER and SUGGEST. Russian Pattern Examples OFFER 1. предлагать = давать что-л. 2. предлагать = вызываться сделать что-л. 1. offer sth 1. They offered me some money for the work. 2. offer to do sth 2. He offered to help me with the translation. SUGGEST 1. предлагать = подавать идею 1. suggest sth 1. The Minister suggested a programme of economic reform. Someone suggested the Hotel Bernardi. 2. предлагать что-л. 2. a) suggest that 2. a) My friend suggested сделать кому-л. (a) sb should do sth that I should complain to the manager of the hotel. или вместе (b) b) suggest doing b) Tom suggested eating out. sth