Skyscrapers Jake Fears Jonathan Neubauer History Increase in
Skyscrapers Jake Fears Jonathan Neubauer
History ® Increase in urban commerce ® Invention of the Elevator (1857) ® Cast Iron framework (circa 1848) ® The Bessemer Process Empire State
Population of New York Flatiron Buildin 1902 Woolworth Buildin
First ‘Safe’ Passenger Elevator ® Haughwout Building ® New York, NY ® 490 Broadway ® Hydraulically actuated lift Chrysler Building
Rockefeller Center
Bessemer Process • At first, air was injected into molten steel to reduce the impurities, and increase the temperature of the steel • Later, carbon and manganese were added to improved the strength, and eliminate the effects of other impurities, mainly sulfur • High volume, cheap, strong steel was the result
What is a Skyscraper ? ® Must be taller than it is wide ® Is generally a building over 10 stories
Comparison
Prominent Towers in New York Chrysler Building Trump Tower World Trade Center Metlife Building Buildin Empire State Building
Prominent Towers in Hong Kong Bank of China Central Plaz Pacific Plac Cheung Kong Center
Prominent Towers in other cities Bank of America John Hancock Tower, Dallas, Texas Boston, Mass. Sears Tower, Chicago, IL.
Prominent Towers in other cities, continued. . Commerzbank Frankfurt, Frankfurt Germany Burj Al Arab, Dubai, UAE Petronas Twin Towers Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
The Future of Skyscrapers, Under Construction (completion date) Taipei Financial Center – 101 stories, under construction (e Shanghai World Financial Center (est 7 South Dearborn – Chicago I 1, 550 ft. (est. 2004)
The future of Skyscrapers, The Dreams X-Seed 4000, 13000 fe over 1 million people Roxas Triangle Manila, Philippines The Illinois, Frank Lloyd Wright 1 mile high
The Future of Skyscrapers, The Dreams continued Russia Tower, Moscow 126 stories Millenium Tower, Tokyo, Proposed offshore city – 840 m, 170 stories The Ultima Over 2 miles high
The Future of Skyscrapers, The Dreams continued Kowloon MTR Tower, Miglin-Beitler Tower, Hong Kong Chicago, IL 1575 feet Over 140 stories Bionic Tower, Shanghai 100, 000 people 3, 700 ft, 300 floors
Conclusion ® Buildings are getting taller and larger at an increasing rate. ® Advances in metallurgy, elevators, foundations and computer design techniques are pushing the limit, all based upon what history has proven.
Online Resources ® www. som. com - Architects, Engineers ® www. worldstallest. com/95. html Skyscrapers ® www. skyscrapers. org - The Skyscraper Museum ® www. fosterandpartners. com - Architects
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