Skilled Temporary Migration from AsiaPacific Countries to Australia

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Skilled Temporary Migration from Asia-Pacific Countries to Australia Siew-Ean Khoo, ANU Graeme Hugo ,

Skilled Temporary Migration from Asia-Pacific Countries to Australia Siew-Ean Khoo, ANU Graeme Hugo , University of Adelaide Peter Mc. Donald, ANU

Outline of presentation • Asia-Pacific region as a source of skilled temporary migration to

Outline of presentation • Asia-Pacific region as a source of skilled temporary migration to Australia • Characteristics of skilled temporary migrants from Asia-Pacific countries • Reasons for coming to work in Australia • Employment situation • Return migration/residence intentions • Conclusions

457 visa grants, 1999 -2006

457 visa grants, 1999 -2006

Top ten source countries of 457 visa holders (visa grants) 1999 -2000 UK 23%

Top ten source countries of 457 visa holders (visa grants) 1999 -2000 UK 23% USA 10% India 8% S. Africa 7% Japan 6% China 4% Canada 3% Ireland 3% Indonesia 3% 2004 -05 UK India USA S. Africa Japan Ireland China Germany Canada France Philippines N=35, 006 2% N= 49, 855 26% 10% 6% 6% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 2% Jun-Dec 2006 UK 22% India 13% S. Africa 8% Philippines 8% China 6% USA 5% Germany 3% Japan 3% Canada 2% Ireland N=40, 610 2%

Asia-Pacific 457 visa holders temporarily resident in Australia, 1998 -2006

Asia-Pacific 457 visa holders temporarily resident in Australia, 1998 -2006

Stock of Asia-Pacific 457 visa holders by country of origin Country 1998 2000 2006

Stock of Asia-Pacific 457 visa holders by country of origin Country 1998 2000 2006 Change 98 -06 India Sri Lanka Pakistan Total S. Asia 943 85 na 1028 2607 210 na 2817 5889 472 239 6990 524% 455% na 580% China Hong Kong -21% Japan Korea Taiwan -72% Total E. Asia 1621 526 2887 744 4219 413 160% 3418 1497 959 4638 2872 1088 3781 2276 269 11% 52% 8021 12229 10981 37%

Stock of Asia-Pacific 457 visa holders by country of origin Country 1998 2000 2006

Stock of Asia-Pacific 457 visa holders by country of origin Country 1998 2000 2006 Change 98 -06 Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam Total SE. Asia 484 402 349 690 245 42 2132 983 817 743 1117 529 na 4189 756 1353 3274 1017 668 566 7769 87% 237% 838% 47% 173% 1248% 264% Fiji PNG Other Total Pacific 96 27 4 127 204 na na 204 413 526 129 1068 330% 1848% 3125% 741%

Destination by State/Territory of Asia-Pacific 457 visa grants, June-Dec 2006 State/ Territory % NSW

Destination by State/Territory of Asia-Pacific 457 visa grants, June-Dec 2006 State/ Territory % NSW Vic Qld SA WA Tas NT ACT India % 36 39 12 3 6 1 1 1 Philippines China Japan Korea % % % 15 14 25 5 32 1 8 1 24 22 26 3 16 2 4 3 36 26 22 2 13 <1 2 2 50 21 21 4 8 1 1 1 Malaysia % 26 28 17 4 21 <1 2 <1

Survey of 457 visa holders • N=1175 skilled temporary migrants • Fairly representative in

Survey of 457 visa holders • N=1175 skilled temporary migrants • Fairly representative in terms of gender composition (67% male), State/Territory of residence (47% in Sydney, 15% in regional areas) and industry of employment (19% in IT). • 348 from Asia-Pacific countries (30% of total sample – similar to percentage based on all 457 visa holders resident in Australia. • Good representation from non-English-speaking countries in A-P region (86 from Japan, 43 from Korea, 31 from China, 21 from Thailand).

Survey respondents from Asia-Pacific countries compared with stock of 457 visa holders by country

Survey respondents from Asia-Pacific countries compared with stock of 457 visa holders by country of birth, June 2005 Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam SE Asia Fiji PNG Total Pacific No. 11 22 15 14 21 4 87 5 0 5 % 3. 2 6. 3 4. 0 6. 0 1. 1 24. 9 1. 4 0 1. 4 % stock 2. 8 5. 6 6. 3 6. 2 3. 0 0. 7 25. 2 1. 0 2. 7 China Hong Kong Japan Korea Taiwan NE Asia No. 31 7 86 43 6 173 % 8. 9 2. 0 24. 7 12. 4 1. 7 49. 7 % stock 13. 5 2. 1 19. 4 10. 9 1. 6 47. 6 India Sri Lanka Bangladesh Pakistan S. Asia 71 5 3 1 83 20. 4 1. 4 0. 9 0. 3 23. 9 21. 1 1. 4 0. 5 0. 6 24. 5

Skilled temporary migrants from Asia-Pacific compared with those from other regions

Skilled temporary migrants from Asia-Pacific compared with those from other regions

Percentage female by country of origin

Percentage female by country of origin

Skilled temporary migrants from Asia-Pacific compared with those from other regions

Skilled temporary migrants from Asia-Pacific compared with those from other regions

Reasons for coming to work in Australia

Reasons for coming to work in Australia

Asia-Pacific skilled temporary migrants’ reasons for coming to Australia, by country of origin

Asia-Pacific skilled temporary migrants’ reasons for coming to Australia, by country of origin

Asia-Pacific migrants’ industry of employment

Asia-Pacific migrants’ industry of employment

Employment situation of Asia-Pacific temporary migrants compared with migrants from other regions

Employment situation of Asia-Pacific temporary migrants compared with migrants from other regions

Employment situation of Asia-Pacific temporary migrants compared with migrants from other regions

Employment situation of Asia-Pacific temporary migrants compared with migrants from other regions

Employment situation of Asia-Pacific temporary migrants compared with migrants from other regions

Employment situation of Asia-Pacific temporary migrants compared with migrants from other regions

Residence intentions of migrants from Asia-Pacific and other regions

Residence intentions of migrants from Asia-Pacific and other regions

Reasons for applying for permanent residence

Reasons for applying for permanent residence

Reasons for not applying for permanent residence in Australia

Reasons for not applying for permanent residence in Australia

Asia-Pacific skilled temporary migrants’ views about their experience in Australia Asia-Pacific Increase goodwill between

Asia-Pacific skilled temporary migrants’ views about their experience in Australia Asia-Pacific Increase goodwill between home country & Aust. (p<0. 10) A lot 74% Somewhat 22% No 4% Other regions 54% 32% 14% Increase business connections (p<0. 10) A lot Somewhat No 67% 25% 8% 52% 32% 16% Overall satisfaction (p<0. 10) Very satisfied Satisfied Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied Dissatisfied 51% 44% 5% 0% 68% 29% 2% 1%

Conclusions • Recent increase in the numbers and percentages of 457 visa holders from

Conclusions • Recent increase in the numbers and percentages of 457 visa holders from the Philippines, India, China and the Pacific Islands suggests that the Asia-Pacific region is likely to play a more important role in the coming years as a source of skilled temporary migration to Australia. • Employers (in regional areas) may sponsor more intermediate skilled workers who are more likely to be sourced from the Asia. Pacific region. • Asian businesses are important players in sponsoring workers from the same country of origin, suggesting the role of migrant/ethnic networks. • Many Asia-Pacific skilled temporary migrants are working for small businesses rather than large transnational companies. • They are more likely to be attracted to Australia because of better employment opportunities and higher salaries; more likely to come with intention to apply for permanent residence.