Skeleton Skin and Scales Skull Evolutionary tendency Fusion

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Skeleton, Skin and Scales

Skeleton, Skin and Scales

Skull Evolutionary tendency Fusion of skull bones High # bones evolutionary time Low #

Skull Evolutionary tendency Fusion of skull bones High # bones evolutionary time Low # bones

Skull • Neurocranium (brain case) – Chondrocranium (original cartilagenous braincase) – Dermatocranium (dermal bones

Skull • Neurocranium (brain case) – Chondrocranium (original cartilagenous braincase) – Dermatocranium (dermal bones attached to skull) • Branchiocranium (endoskeletal arches, original gill arch supports) - Arches: - Mandibular Palatine Hyoid Opercular Branchial

Neurocranium

Neurocranium

Branchiocranium

Branchiocranium

Branchiocranium • Mandibular Arch (cartil. & dermal origin) – Sharks • Palatoquadrate Cartilage (top

Branchiocranium • Mandibular Arch (cartil. & dermal origin) – Sharks • Palatoquadrate Cartilage (top jaw) • Meckel´s Cartilage (bottom jaw) – Bony Fishes • Premaxillae, Maxillae, Supramaxillae (top jaw) • Dentary, Angular (bottom jaw) • Palatine Arch (cartil. origin)

Branchiocranium • Hyoid Arch or Supensorium (cartil. Orig. ) – Provides support and attachment

Branchiocranium • Hyoid Arch or Supensorium (cartil. Orig. ) – Provides support and attachment to skull. • lower jaw (Quadrate) • opercular apparatus • Opercular Arch (dermal origin) – Protects gills (Opercule)

Branchiocranium • Branchial Arches (cartil. origin) – Support gills (Ceratobranchial & Epibranchial) – Help

Branchiocranium • Branchial Arches (cartil. origin) – Support gills (Ceratobranchial & Epibranchial) – Help chewing (Pharingeal bones)

Lampreys

Lampreys

Sharks

Sharks

Bony Fishes

Bony Fishes

Jaw evolution hypothesis

Jaw evolution hypothesis

Viperfish mandible

Viperfish mandible

Protrusible mouth (ascending process on premaxilla that slides along front of skull). premaxilla mandible

Protrusible mouth (ascending process on premaxilla that slides along front of skull). premaxilla mandible

Jaw Suspension Evolution HYOSTYLIC AMPHISTYLIC AUTOSTYLIC

Jaw Suspension Evolution HYOSTYLIC AMPHISTYLIC AUTOSTYLIC

Vertebral Column Precaudal Caudal

Vertebral Column Precaudal Caudal

Fins • Pectoral Girdle – Not attached to vertebral column – Attached to Skull

Fins • Pectoral Girdle – Not attached to vertebral column – Attached to Skull • Pelvic Girdle – Not attached to vertebral column • Caudal Fin – Protocercal, heterocercal, homocercal

Fins • Median Fins – Sharks • Ceratotrichia (dermal) • Radials (cartil. )

Fins • Median Fins – Sharks • Ceratotrichia (dermal) • Radials (cartil. )

Fins • Median Fins – Bony Fishes • Ceratotrichia (in larval stages) • Lepidotrichia

Fins • Median Fins – Bony Fishes • Ceratotrichia (in larval stages) • Lepidotrichia (dermal) • Pterygiophores (cartil. )

Soft rays soft segmented branched bilateral True Spines hard and pointed unsegmented unbranched solid

Soft rays soft segmented branched bilateral True Spines hard and pointed unsegmented unbranched solid

Skin

Skin

Scale Types • Placoid – – Sharks, rays and chimaeras dermal and epidermal origin

Scale Types • Placoid – – Sharks, rays and chimaeras dermal and epidermal origin Irrigated pulp cavity + dentine + vitrodentine homologous to vertebrate teeth • Cosmoid – Lungfishes – originated by fusion of placoid scales – Two bone layers + cosmine + vitrodentine

Scales • Ganoid – Sturgeons, paddlefish and gars – modified cosmoid scale – Two

Scales • Ganoid – Sturgeons, paddlefish and gars – modified cosmoid scale – Two bone layers + dentine + ganoine • Cycloid and Ctenoid – – Bony fishes evolved from ganoid scale (loss of ganoine) Almost all dermal Overlapping (shingle-like)

Scales

Scales

PLACOID COSMOID GANOID

PLACOID COSMOID GANOID

CYCLOID CTENOID

CYCLOID CTENOID

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