SKELETAL SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM Organs bones SKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM • Organs – bones

SKELETAL SYSTEM • Organs – bones – ligaments

SKELETAL SYSTEM • Organs – bones – ligaments – cartilages

SKELETAL SYSTEM • Organs – bones – ligaments – cartilages – joints

• Skeletal System Functions – Support & Protection – Movement – Mineral storage – Blood cell production – Leverage

• Classification of bones

• Classification of bones – Long bones

• Classification of bones – Long bones – “Other Bones”

• Classification of bones – Long bones – “Other Bones” • Short

• Classification of bones – Long bones – “Other Bones” • Short • Flat

• Classification of bones – Long bones – “Other Bones” • Short • Flat • Irregular

• Classification of bones – Long bones – “Other Bones” • Short • Flat • Irregular • Sesamoid

• Classification of bones – Long bones – “Other Bones” • Short • Flat • Irregular • Sesamoid • Wormian

• Structure of long bones

• Structure of “other bones”

ØBone Development and Growth • Intramembranous ossification – Mesenchymal CT converted into bone

ØBone Development and Growth • Endochondral ossification – Cartilage converted into bone

ØBone Development and Growth • Increasing Length of Bone – Requires the epiphyseal plates

ØBone Development and Growth • Appositional growth (Increase in thickness) – requires the osteoblasts from the periosteum

ØBone Remodeling • Requires osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Ø Factors Regulating Bone Growth • Growth hormone • Thyroid hormone • Sex hormones • Vitamin A and C • Vitamin D

Aging and the Skeletal System

$Incidence of hip fractures with age$

Incidence of hip fractures with age

• http: //courses. washington. edu/b onephys/opop/opdem. html

Osteoporosis

• Non-modifiable risk factors: – Being female – Thin and/or small frame – Advanced age – A family history – Early menopause – Caucasian or Asian descent – Being post-menopausal

• Modifiable Risk Factors: –Smoking and alcohol –High protein diets (? ) –Sedentary lifestyles –Excessive exercise –Some drugs (e. g. corticosteroids) –Anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa

$Some Symptoms of 0 steoporosis Hip fractures$