Skeletal system includes both Axial skeleton Skull Auditory
Skeletal system includes both: • Axial skeleton • Skull • Auditory ossicles and hyoid bone • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage • Appendicular skeleton • Pectoral and pelvic girdles • Upper and lower limbs Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 1 b The Axial Skeleton Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 1 b
The skull • Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face • The cranium encloses cranial cavity • Facial bones surround and protect the entrances to the respiratory and digestive tracts • Superficial landmarks include the sutures • Lambdoid • Coronal • Sagittal • Squamous Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 2
Figure 7. 3 The Adult Skull Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 3 a, b
Figure 7. 3 The Adult Skull Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 3 c
Figure 7. 3 The Adult Skull Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 3 d
Figure 7. 3 The Adult Skull Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 3 e
Focus: The Individual Bones of the Skull Cranial Bones • one occipital bone • foramen magnum • two temporal bones • auditory ossicles • two parietal bones • one sphenoid • one frontal bone • one ethmoid • frontal sinuses Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 4 a
Figure 7. 4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 4 b
Figure 7. 5 The Occipital and Parietal Bones Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 5
Figure 7. 6 The Frontal Bone Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 6
Figure 7. 7 The Temporal Bones Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 7
Figure 7. 8 The Sphenoid Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 8
Figure 7. 9 The Ethmoid Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 9
Facial bones • Maxillary bones • Inferior nasal conchae • Mandible • Zygomatic bones • Palatine bones • Lacrimal bones • Nasal bones • Hyoid • Vomer Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Maxillae • Largest facial bones • Form the upper jaw and most of the hard palate Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 10 The Maxillary and Palatine Bones Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 10
Palatine and Nasal Bones • Palatine bones • Small “L” shaped bones • Form the posterior hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity • Nasal bones • Superior border of external nares Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vomer, Zygomatic and Lacrimal bones • Vomer • Inferior portion of the nasal septum • Zygomatic bone • Temporal process articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone • Lacrimal bones • Smallest bones of the face • Sit medially in orbit Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 11 The Smaller Bones of the Face Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 11
Mandible and Hyoid bones • Mandible • Bone of the lower jaw • Hyoid • Suspended by stylohyoid ligaments • Supports the larynx Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 12 The Mandible and Hyoid Bones Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 12 a
Figure 7. 12 The Mandible and Hyoid Bones Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 12 b, c
The orbital and nasal complexes • Seven bones in the orbital complex • Nasal complex = bones that enclose the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 14 The Orbital Complex Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 14
Skulls of infants and children • Fontanels permit skulls of infants and children to continue growing Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vertebral column • Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx • 7 cervical vertebrae • 12 thoracic vertebrae • 5 lumbar vertebrae • Sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 16 The Vertebral Column Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 16
Spinal curvature • Four spinal curves • Primary (accommodation) curves = thoracic and sacral • Secondary (compensation) curves = lumbar and cervical Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vertebral anatomy • Typically has a body and vertebral arch • Superior and inferior articular processes • Separated by intervertebral discs Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 18 Vertebral Anatomy Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 18
Vertebral regions • Cervical • Has distinctive shape • Large relative size of vertebral foramen • Costal processes with transverse foramina • Notched spinous processes Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 19 The Cervical Vertebrae Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 19
Thoracic vertebrae • Heart-shaped body • Long slender spinous processes • Articulations for ribs Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 20 The Thoracic Vertebrae Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 20 a
Figure 7. 20 The Thoracic Vertebrae PLAY Animation: Axial Dissections Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 20 b, c
Lumbar vertebrae • Most massive • Least mobile • Subjected to great stresses Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 21 The Lumbar Vertebrae Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 21
Sacrum • Protects reproductive, digestive and urinary organs • Articulates with pelvic girdle and fused elements of coccyx Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 22 The Sacrum and Coccyx Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 22
Thoracic cage • Thoracic vertebrae • Ribs • Sternum • Ribs and sternum forms the rib cage Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 23 The Thoracic Cage Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 23 a
Figure 7. 23 The Thoracic Cage Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 23 b
The ribs • Ribs 1 -7 are attached to vertebrae • 8 -12 are vertebrochondral ribs • 11 -12 are floating ribs Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Typical rib • Has a head, neck, tubercle and a body • Costal groove marks pathway of blood returning to the heart Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Sternum consists of • Manubrium • Body • Xiphoid process Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 7. 23 The Thoracic Cage PLAY Animation: Axial Dissections Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 7. 23
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