Skeletal System Fun Facts The largest bone is

Skeletal System

Fun Facts • - The largest bone is the pelvis, or hip bone. In fact it is made of six bones joined firmly together. • - The longest bone is the 'femur', in the thigh. It makes up almost one quarter of the body's total height. • - The smallest bone is the 'stirrup', deep in the ear. It is hardly larger than a grain of rice. • - The ears and end of the nose do not have bones inside them. Their inner supports are cartilage or 'gristle', which is lighter and more flexible than bone. This is why the nose and ears can be bent. • - After death, cartilage rots faster than bone. This is why the skulls of skeletons have no nose or ears.

• Comprised of 206 bones • Functions: – Framework – support muscles, fat, skin – Protection – surround and protect organs – Levers – muscles attach to bones to provide movement – Production of Blood Cells – RBC, WBC, platelet production - hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) – Storage – stores most of calcium supply and some phosphorus/fats

Application: • Illustrate and define the 5 functions of the skeletal system. • DHO – pg. 150 • BS&F pg. 87

2 sections: • Axial Skeleton • Appendicular Skeleton

• Axial Skeleton : main trunk, skull, spinal column, ribs, breastbone.

Application: • Outline the axial skeleton

• Appendicular Skeleton: • Arm bones, leg bones, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

Application: • Outline the appendicular skeleton

Shape Categories of Bones • • Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones

Application: • List the 4 shape categories of bones and give an example of each type. Illustrate your example. • Body Structures and Function pgs. 8687

Long Bones • Long, somewhat rounded shaft • Major bones of arms and legs are long bones

Short Bones • Usually shaped like a cube • Found in wrists and ankles

Flat Bones • Thin, relatively large in surface area, and generally curved • Fxn to protect underlying organs and to provide large areas for muscle attachments • Scapula and skull bones

Irregular Bones • All bones which don’t fit into previous categories • Individualized shapes to fulfill specific fxns • vertebrae

Application: • Draw a diagram of a long bone. • Label: • Diaphysis, proximal and distal epiphysis, articular cartilage, red bone marrow, spongy bone, medullary cavity, artery, compact bone tissue, endosteum, yellow bone marrow, periosteum. • Using BS&F: pg 85 explain the process of bone growth

Long Bones • Diaphysis – long shaft • Epiphysis - ends

• Medullary Canal – cavity of diaphysis (shaft). Filled with yellow marrow which: 1) mainly storage area for fats 2) contains cells which form leukocytes

Endosteum • Membrane which lines the medullary canal and keeps yellow marrow intact. Also produces some bone growth.

Red Marrow • Found in certain bones: vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, humerus and femur • Important in manufacture of blood cells and body’s immune response • Produces RBC, platelets, and some WBC’s • Often used to diagnose blood diseases and for tranplants

Periosteum • Outside covering: tough membrane containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, and osteoblasts (special cells which form new bone tissue) • Necessary for bone growth, repair and nutrition

Cranium • Fontanels – soft spots • Sutures – areas where cranial bones have formed together • Sinuses – air spaces in the bones of the skull which act as resonating chambers for the voice • Foramina – openings in the bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave bone

Application: • Draw a diagram of the bones of the skull and label the following

Spinal Column: Vertebral Column • 26 vertebrae • Protect spinal cord and provide support for head and neck • 7 cervical • 12 thoracic • 5 lumbar • 1 sacrum • 1 coccyx

Ribs • 12 pairs • 1 st 7 pairs – true ribs • Next 5 pairs – false ribs: 1 st 3 attach to ribs above and last 2 pairs don’t attach • Sternum- breastbone -3 parts: manubrium, gladiolus, xiphoid process

Shoulder girdle • Clavicle • Scapula

Bones of Arm • • • Humerus Radius Ulna – ulna is longer than radius carpals metacarpals phalanges • Olecranon process - elbow

Pelvic Girdle • Ilium, ischium, pubis • Symphysis pubis

Is the skeleton male or female?

• Skeletal System Game

Bones of Legs: • • Femur Patella – kneecap Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Calcaneous - heel

Joints • 2 or more bones join together • Ligaments – connective tissue bands which hold long bones to joints • Application: Read in your text about the 3 types of joints. Are all joints movable?

3 types of joints: • Diarthrosis – freely movable – ex: shoulder • Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable – ex: ribs to thoracic vertebrae • Synarthrosis – immovable – ex: cranium

Arthritis: • Inflammation of joints • Osteoarthritis – usually due to aging • Rheumatoid arthritis- chronic, inflammatory disease

Bursitis • Inflammation of the bursae – small fluid filled sacs surrounding joints

Osteomyelitis • Bone inflammation usually due to a pathogen causing an abscess • Sx: pain, swelling, chills, fever • Tx: antibiotics

Osteoporosis • Softening of the bones • Causes: hormone deficiency, prolonged lack of calcium, sedentary lifestyle • Bones becomes porous, brittle, prone to fracture • Dx: bone density test • Tx: increase calcium and vitamin D, medications to increase bone mass, hormone replacement, exercise

Ruptured Disk • Herniated or slipped disk • Intervertebral disk (pad of cartilage) ruptures or protrudes out and causes pressure on spinal nerve • Lumbar-sacral – most common site • Sx: severe pain, numbness, impaired movement • Tx: rest, PT, massage, heat/cold, surgery

Fracture • Crack or break in a bone • Usually detected by x-ray: 2 planes: anterior/posterior view and lateral view • Common types of fractures: Greenstick, closed, open, impacted, comminuted, spiral, depressed, Colles

Greenstick fracture • Bone is bent and splits, causing a crack or incomplete break; common in children

Simple or closed fracture • Complete break of the bone with no damage to the skin

Compound or open fracture • Bones breaks and ruptures through the skin; creates an increased chance for infection

Impacted fracture • Broken bone ends jam into each other

Comminuted fracture • Bone fragments or splinters into more than 2 pieces

Spiral fracture • Bones twists resulting in one or more breaks; common with skiing accidents

Depressed fracture • Broken piece of skull bone moves inward: common with severe head injuries

Colles fracture • Breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling on an outstretched hand

Reduction of Fractures: to put bone back in proper alignment • Closed reduction: cast/splint • Open reduction: surgical repair: pins, plates • Cast Application video

Dislocation • Bone forcibly displaced from joint: shoulder, fingers, hips, knees • Tx: Dislocation reduced (placed back in joint)-immobilize with cast/splint

Sprain • Twisting action tears ligament at joint • Wrists/ankles • Sx: pain, swelling, discoloration, limited movement • Tx: RICE

Abnormal Curvatures of Spinal Column • Kyphosis • Scoliosis • Lordosis

Kyphosis • Hunchback • Rounding of thoracic area

Kyphosis

Scoliosis • Lateral curvature of the spine

scoliosis

Lordosis • Swayback • Abnormal curvature of lumbar region

• SCL animated surgery • ACL tear repair surgery

Foldable for ROM and Ambulatory Devices • Create a 6 section foldable and define the following: • ROM – pg 873 • Crutches – pg 883 • Cane – pg. 884 • Walker – pg. 885 • Wheelchair • Pg 873 – Unit 23