Skeletal System Fun Facts The largest bone is
Skeletal System
Fun Facts • - The largest bone is the pelvis, or hip bone. In fact it is made of six bones joined firmly together. • - The longest bone is the 'femur', in the thigh. It makes up almost one quarter of the body's total height. • - The smallest bone is the 'stirrup', deep in the ear. It is hardly larger than a grain of rice. • - The ears and end of the nose do not have bones inside them. Their inner supports are cartilage or 'gristle', which is lighter and more flexible than bone. This is why the nose and ears can be bent. • - After death, cartilage rots faster than bone. This is why the skulls of skeletons have no nose or ears.
• Comprised of 206 bones • Functions: – Framework – support muscles, fat, skin – Protection – surround and protect organs – Levers – muscles attach to bones to provide movement – Production of Blood Cells – RBC, WBC, platelet production - hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) – Storage – stores most of calcium supply and some phosphorus/fats
Application: • Illustrate and define the 5 functions of the skeletal system. • DHO – pg. 150 • BS&F pg. 87
2 sections: • Axial Skeleton • Appendicular Skeleton
• Axial Skeleton : main trunk, skull, spinal column, ribs, breastbone.
Application: • Outline the axial skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton: • Arm bones, leg bones, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle
Application: • Outline the appendicular skeleton
Shape Categories of Bones • • Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones
Application: • List the 4 shape categories of bones and give an example of each type. Illustrate your example. • Body Structures and Function pgs. 8687
Long Bones • Long, somewhat rounded shaft • Major bones of arms and legs are long bones
Short Bones • Usually shaped like a cube • Found in wrists and ankles
Flat Bones • Thin, relatively large in surface area, and generally curved • Fxn to protect underlying organs and to provide large areas for muscle attachments • Scapula and skull bones
Irregular Bones • All bones which don’t fit into previous categories • Individualized shapes to fulfill specific fxns • vertebrae
Application: • Draw a diagram of a long bone. • Label: • Diaphysis, proximal and distal epiphysis, articular cartilage, red bone marrow, spongy bone, medullary cavity, artery, compact bone tissue, endosteum, yellow bone marrow, periosteum. • Using BS&F: pg 85 explain the process of bone growth
Long Bones • Diaphysis – long shaft • Epiphysis - ends
• Medullary Canal – cavity of diaphysis (shaft). Filled with yellow marrow which: 1) mainly storage area for fats 2) contains cells which form leukocytes
Endosteum • Membrane which lines the medullary canal and keeps yellow marrow intact. Also produces some bone growth.
Red Marrow • Found in certain bones: vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, humerus and femur • Important in manufacture of blood cells and body’s immune response • Produces RBC, platelets, and some WBC’s • Often used to diagnose blood diseases and for tranplants
Periosteum • Outside covering: tough membrane containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, and osteoblasts (special cells which form new bone tissue) • Necessary for bone growth, repair and nutrition
Cranium • Fontanels – soft spots • Sutures – areas where cranial bones have formed together • Sinuses – air spaces in the bones of the skull which act as resonating chambers for the voice • Foramina – openings in the bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave bone
Application: • Draw a diagram of the bones of the skull and label the following
Spinal Column: Vertebral Column • 26 vertebrae • Protect spinal cord and provide support for head and neck • 7 cervical • 12 thoracic • 5 lumbar • 1 sacrum • 1 coccyx
Ribs • 12 pairs • 1 st 7 pairs – true ribs • Next 5 pairs – false ribs: 1 st 3 attach to ribs above and last 2 pairs don’t attach • Sternum- breastbone -3 parts: manubrium, gladiolus, xiphoid process
Shoulder girdle • Clavicle • Scapula
Bones of Arm • • • Humerus Radius Ulna – ulna is longer than radius carpals metacarpals phalanges • Olecranon process - elbow
Pelvic Girdle • Ilium, ischium, pubis • Symphysis pubis
Is the skeleton male or female?
• Skeletal System Game
Bones of Legs: • • Femur Patella – kneecap Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Calcaneous - heel
Joints • 2 or more bones join together • Ligaments – connective tissue bands which hold long bones to joints • Application: Read in your text about the 3 types of joints. Are all joints movable?
3 types of joints: • Diarthrosis – freely movable – ex: shoulder • Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable – ex: ribs to thoracic vertebrae • Synarthrosis – immovable – ex: cranium
Arthritis: • Inflammation of joints • Osteoarthritis – usually due to aging • Rheumatoid arthritis- chronic, inflammatory disease
Bursitis • Inflammation of the bursae – small fluid filled sacs surrounding joints
Osteomyelitis • Bone inflammation usually due to a pathogen causing an abscess • Sx: pain, swelling, chills, fever • Tx: antibiotics
Osteoporosis • Softening of the bones • Causes: hormone deficiency, prolonged lack of calcium, sedentary lifestyle • Bones becomes porous, brittle, prone to fracture • Dx: bone density test • Tx: increase calcium and vitamin D, medications to increase bone mass, hormone replacement, exercise
Ruptured Disk • Herniated or slipped disk • Intervertebral disk (pad of cartilage) ruptures or protrudes out and causes pressure on spinal nerve • Lumbar-sacral – most common site • Sx: severe pain, numbness, impaired movement • Tx: rest, PT, massage, heat/cold, surgery
Fracture • Crack or break in a bone • Usually detected by x-ray: 2 planes: anterior/posterior view and lateral view • Common types of fractures: Greenstick, closed, open, impacted, comminuted, spiral, depressed, Colles
Greenstick fracture • Bone is bent and splits, causing a crack or incomplete break; common in children
Simple or closed fracture • Complete break of the bone with no damage to the skin
Compound or open fracture • Bones breaks and ruptures through the skin; creates an increased chance for infection
Impacted fracture • Broken bone ends jam into each other
Comminuted fracture • Bone fragments or splinters into more than 2 pieces
Spiral fracture • Bones twists resulting in one or more breaks; common with skiing accidents
Depressed fracture • Broken piece of skull bone moves inward: common with severe head injuries
Colles fracture • Breaking and dislocation of the distal radius that causes a characteristic bulge at the wrist; caused by falling on an outstretched hand
Reduction of Fractures: to put bone back in proper alignment • Closed reduction: cast/splint • Open reduction: surgical repair: pins, plates • Cast Application video
Dislocation • Bone forcibly displaced from joint: shoulder, fingers, hips, knees • Tx: Dislocation reduced (placed back in joint)-immobilize with cast/splint
Sprain • Twisting action tears ligament at joint • Wrists/ankles • Sx: pain, swelling, discoloration, limited movement • Tx: RICE
Abnormal Curvatures of Spinal Column • Kyphosis • Scoliosis • Lordosis
Kyphosis • Hunchback • Rounding of thoracic area
Kyphosis
Scoliosis • Lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
Lordosis • Swayback • Abnormal curvature of lumbar region
• SCL animated surgery • ACL tear repair surgery
Foldable for ROM and Ambulatory Devices • Create a 6 section foldable and define the following: • ROM – pg 873 • Crutches – pg 883 • Cane – pg. 884 • Walker – pg. 885 • Wheelchair • Pg 873 – Unit 23
- Slides: 62