SKELETAL SYSTEM FUN FACTS ABOUT BONES Bone is

SKELETAL SYSTEM

FUN FACTS ABOUT BONES Bone is made of the same type of minerals as limestone. • Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood we have only 206 in our bodies. • The giraffe has the same number of bones in its neck as a human: seven in total. • The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25 mph. The human skull will fracture at 5 mph.

VOCABULARY Structure Function Support Protection Movement Collagen Osteoblast s Osteocyte s Osteoclas ts Compact bone Dense Lamellae Lacunae Canaliculi Spongy tissue Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones Diaphysis Epiphysis Levers Extremities Cancellous Carpals Vertebrae cartilage Ossification Fissure Sulcus Facet Cranium Axial Atlas Ear bones Hyoid Vertebral column Spine Occipital Frontal Parietal Vomer nasal bone Zygomatic process Mandible Maxilla Temporal

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE • • Support and Protection Body movement Blood cell formation (bone marrow) - hematopoeisis Storage of inorganic materials (salt, calcium, potassium…. )

ORGANIZATION v About 206 bones v 2 Main Divisions Ø Axial Ø Appendicular

AXIAL SKELETON • • • Head, neck, trunk Skull Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs) Sternum

HYOID BONE

APPENDICULAR SKELETON • Limbs & Bones that connect to the o Pectoral Girdle (shoulders) o Pelvic Girdle (hips)

BONE STRUCTURE - LONG BONE 1. Epiphysis 2. Diaphysis 3. Articular Cartilage 4. Periosteum

INSIDE THE LONG BONE Medullary Cavity – hollow chamber filled with bone marrow Red Marrow (blood) Yellow Marrow (fat) Endosteum – lining of the medullary

TYPES OF BONE TISSUE Compact (wall of the diaphysis) Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis)

STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE Figure 6. 3 a-c

* Assignment – Coloring of a Long Bone

Review the Structure of a Long Bone Matching quiz at http: //www. mhhe. com/biosci/a p/holehaap/student/olc 2/chap 0 7 matching 01. html

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE MATRIX - where the bone cells live OSTEOCYTES - mature bone cells, enclosed in tiny chambers called LACUNAE OSTEOCYTES form rings (LAMELLAE) around a HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's CANALS

COMPACT BONE COLORING!

Test Yourself Find the… Osteocyte 1. Haversian Canal 2. Osteocyte 3. Haversian System 4. Volkman's Haversian Canal 5. Lamellae 6. Spongy Bone 7. Compact Bone Haversian System Spongy Bone Volkman's Canal Compact Bone Lamellae

BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH 1. Intramembranous bones – flat, skull 2. Endochondral bones – all other ALL BONES START AS HYALINE CARTILAGE, areas graduallly turn to bone PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft) SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (ends)

BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH EPIPHYSEAL DISK (growth plate) is a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis These areas increase bone length as the cells ossify Cartilage becomes OSTEOBLASTS become OSTEOCYTES

RESORPTION OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to release minerals, process is called RESORPTION

BONE GROWTH

BONE GROWTH * Assignment - Coloring of the Aging Hand

TYPES OF JOINTS (ARTICULATIONS) 1. Synarthrotic (not moveable, aka sutures) 2. Amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable, vertebrae) 3. Diarthrotic (moveable joint, aka synovial joints)

Synovial fluid - fluid within the joints that helps to lubricate Types of Joints 1. Ball and Socket 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Saddle

BONES OF THE SKULL 1. Frontal 2. Parietal - 3. Occipital 4. Temporal - 5. Sphenoid - 6. Maxilla - 7. Mandible - 8. Zygomatic -

TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SKULL Foramen - refers to any tiny opening, nerves and blood vessels leave this opening to supply the face Mental Foramen

Suture - refers to any connection between large bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels) Fissure - any wide gap between bones

TYPES OF SUTURES 1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal bones 2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones 3. Squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones 4. Sagittal - between parietal bones

BONES OF THE SKULL & SUTURES

FORAMEN MAGNUM * Assignment: Skull Labeling

Figure 6. 10

Figure 6. 10

THE REST OF THE BONES

VERTEBRAE Neck = cervical Middle Back = thoracic Lower Back = lumbar

THORACIC CAGE

PECTORAL GIRDLE

BONES OF THE ARM Ulna goes to pinky (P-U) Radius goes to thumb

WRIST BONES Carpels Metacarpals Phalanges

PELVIC GIRDLE

BONES OF THE LEG

BONES OF THE ANKLE Calcaneous Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Assignment – Skeleton Labeling

BROKEN BONES

UPCOMING ASSIGNMENTS • The Skeleton Mystery - read about a “crime scene” and reconstruct skeletons to identify the remains • Watch a Bones Episode • Identify Bones on a real skeleton • Lab Practical Test • Medical Imaging – learn how doctors view bones and diagnose problems

TEST INFORMATION • Test will cover everything in your notes and on the slides presented in class • Visit biologycorner. com for study aids • A second test will occur that covers the lab portion

ABNORMAL BONE CONDITIONS • • BONE SPURS: abnormal growth. Can occur on any bone (e. g. heel). OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased activity of osteoclasts cause a break down bone, and the subsequent fewer minerals in the extracellular matrix make it fragile. The spongy bone especially becomes more porous. Men get it as well as women. What’s the best way to prevent osteoporosis? Exercise! What does exercise do? Makes bones bigger. The most common bone used for a bone graft is the iliac bone of the hip.

OSTEOPOROSIS Figure 6. 15

ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE • SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine • KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve • LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region. • ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and the vertebrae fuse.

SCOLIOSIS

LORDOSIS

ANKYLOSIS