Skeletal System Continued n Developing bones Babys bones

Skeletal System Continued…. n Developing bones – Baby’s bones are mainly made of cartilage and as we grow up this is replaced by bone – The periosteum lays down new bone cells while at the same time cells inside the bone vestry older bone cells meaning the bone becomes longer and wider

n Exercise and Bones – Peak Bone Mass is the amount of minerals (phosphorus and calcium) and compact bone stored to give the bone maximum strength – Exercises during childhood such as high intensity and weight bearing help in achieving this – What happens when we don’t achieve this?

Parts of the Skeleton n Skull n Spinal Column n Thorax n Shoulder n Arm and Hand n Pelvis n Legs and feet

Activity 1 (5 min) n Using your text books divide your skeleton into the 6 different parts (25960) • List the bones in each part and the function of that specific part of the skeleton

Activity 2 n Checkpoints Qu 1 -4 p 261

Joints and Movement (p 268) Joints are where two or more bones meet. They are held together by ligaments (thick cords stringy tissue) and determine how moveable the bones are

Types of Joints n Fibrous (immoveable) • Tough fibres join these bones together • Egs? n Cartilaginous (partially moveable) • Cartilage joins these bones together • Cartilage is not as flexible as ligaments therefore movement is restricted n Synovial (freely moveable) • Move freely and are the most common • Characterised by synovial fluid • Six types of synovial joints

Fibrous Joint Cartilaginous Joint

A Typical Synovial Joint

Types of Synovial Joints Hinge Joint Gliding Joint Saddle Joint Pivot Joint Ball in Socket Ovoid Joint (Ellipsoid)

Activity 3 Choose 5 joints within your body n Make a table indicating which sort of joint it is, the bones in it, and draw a picture representing this n n Eg Joint Elbow (Ulna and Humerus) Type Synovial Hinge Picture

Types of Movements n The body can move in many different ways, each bones ability to move depends on the muscle attached and the type of joint. n Each movement has an opposite movement

Types of Movements (p 270) n n n Flexion – bending Extension – straightening Adduction – Body part moves toward midline of body Abduction – Body part moves away from the midline of the body Rotation – Body part moves around its axis • Lateral – move outwards • Medial – Move inwards

More Movements n Circumduction – body part moved in a cone shape n Supination – Palm up n Pronation – Palm down n Eversion – Rotation of the sole outward n Inversion – Rotation of the sole inward

Activity n Each pair has been given an exercise or sporting movement n One person imitates the movement while the second person observes, and lists the movements occurring. • Eg. Bicep Curl: flexion of the elbow – Draw a table in your book and add the other pairs movements in.

Movement – Muscles and Bones! n For a movement to occur there must be a muscle between two bones n The point where the muscle attaches to the moving bone is called insertion n The point where the muscle attaches to the non-moving bone is called the origin

Movement – Muscles and Bones! n Muscles work as a team! n The muscle causing the action is known as the agonist n The muscle that does the opposite to the agonist to allow the agonist to work is called the antagonist n Eg. Bicep Curl

Questions n Complete questions 1 – 4 on p 273