SKELETAL STUDY TIPS ANATOMY Isengard Study Plan of
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SKELETAL STUDY TIPS ANATOMY Isengard
� � � � � Study Plan of ACTION Look over all labeling & notes from pp. 2 -6 In your notebook. ( It would help to cover tables and labels and have someone quiz you). Look at the Chapter 5 Summary p. 157 and focus on your weakpoints. Ask Mrs. Isengard when in doubt! Hematopoiesis-Red Blood Cell formation (Where does it occur? ) Classify between axial and appendicular skeleton bones. Distinguish between shapes of bones-flat, irregular, long and short. Draw the parts of an Osteon-Bone Structure (Haversian Canal) Distinguish between Osteoclasts & Osteoblasts Provide an example of each kind of skeletal joint (starts on p. 145)
Joint Mobility & Bone Growth � � � � Joint Mobility: Synarthrotic (immovable), Amphiarthroses (slightly movable) Diarthroses (freely movable) Differences between Spongy & Compact Bone p. 118 Stages of Bone Cell Formation & Repair p. 122 & 124 Bone Projections (Example, Foramen, Trochanter, Tuberosities (Table p. 119) Bone Growth (Epiphyseal Plates/ Fontanelles) Why are these important and where are they located? Distinguish between true, floating and false # of ribs Distinguish and vertebrae (general location)-CTLSC (p. 132)
Record this Image (Osteon)
BONE MARKINGS Every bump, groove, and hole has a name on your bones
Bone Markings � Two types of bone markings: � Projections (aka processes) that grow out from the bone � Depressions (cavities) that indent the bone
Joint Projections � 1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection Condyle
Joint Projections � 2) Head: bony expansion on a narrow neck � 3) Facet: smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Joint Projections � 4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone
Ligament/Tendon Projections 1) Crest: Narrow ridge of bone (Line: smaller than a crest) 2) Epicondyle: Raised area on or above a condyle ULNA
3) Tubercle: Small rounded projection 4) Tuberosity: large rounded or roughened projection 5) Trochanter: very large, blunt projection (only on femur) Proximal Tibia
6) Spine: Sharp, pointed projection Thoracic Vertebrae
DEPRESSIONS � Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through. 1) Meatus: (me - A- tus) Canal or tube
Depressions 2) Fossa: shallow basin 3) Fissure: narrow, slitlike opening
Depressions 4) Sinus: Cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes 5) Foramen: Round or oval opening Foramen Magnum
Depressions 6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow depression
Review: Projections 1) Condyle 2) Head 3) Facet 4) Ramus 5) Crest 6) Epicondyle 7) Tubercle 8) Tuberosity 9) Trochanter 10) Spine Depressions 1) Meatus 2) Fossa 3) Fissure 4) Sinus 5) Sulcus or Groove or Furrow
BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING
BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING � � Bone and cartilage = 2 strongest and most supportive tissues Embryos = all hyaline cartilage entirely replaced in young child by bone v the only cartilage remaining in adult is in nose, ears, parts of ribs, joints v
BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING � Bone formation = ossification v v except for flat bones, hyaline cartilage serves as a template 2 step process Ø hyaline cartilage template is completely covered with bone matrix by osteoblasts (bone forming cells) Ø enclosed cartilage is digested away leaving the medullary cavity
BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING � By birth, only 2 hyaline cartilage areas remain articular cartilage – stays for life v Epiphyseal plates – provide longitudinal growth for childhood v
BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING � As new cartilage is continually formed on external face of articular cartilage the old underneath is broken down and replaced by bony matrix. controlled by growth hormones and sex hormones v ends during adolescence as epiphyseal plates are converted to bone v
BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING � Bone is dynamic (not static) v remodeling in response to o Calcium levels in blood o Pull of gravity and muscles on skeleton calcium levels drop → parathyroid releases PTH → activates osteoclasts (bone destroying cells) → break down matrix → release calcium → calcium levels are homeostatic v calcium levels are too high → calcium is deposited in bone matrix as calcium salts v
BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING v Remodeling – occurs at sites where bones bear the most weight and where bulky muscles are attached, projections are formed Ø Osteoblasts lay down new matrix and become trapped in it; once trapped = osteocytes
BONE FORMATION, GROWTH AND REMODELING Ø control of this process o PTH determine IF bone is to be broken down in response to need for more calcium in blood o stresses of muscles and gravity determine WHERE bone matrix is to be broken down or formed
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES Lack of calcium or vitamin D needed to absorb calcium
Sample Test Questions � � � Compact bone is characterized by ____, whereas spongy bone is characterized by ____. A) having epiphyses; having diaphyses B) its internal location in bones; its external location in bones C) dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous; small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space D) small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space; dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous E)having red marrow; having osteons
Sample Test Questions � � � Compact bone is characterized by ____, whereas spongy bone is characterized by ____. A) having epiphyses; having diaphyses B) its internal location in bones; its external location in bones C) dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous; small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space D) small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space; dense tissue that looks smooth and homogenous E)having red marrow; having osteons
Sample Test Questions � A structure found on the femur is the: A) intertrochanteric crest � B) lateral malleolus � C) intercondylar fossa � D) anterior crest � E) medial malleolus
Sample Test Questions � A structure found on the femur is the: A) intertrochanteric crest � B) lateral malleolus � C) intercondylar fossa � D) anterior crest � E) medial malleolus
Sample Test Questions � The process of long bone growth is controlled by ____, wheras bone remodeling is controlled by ____. A) vitamins; minerals � � B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts; growth hormone and sex hormones C) osteoblasts; osteoclasts D) minerals; vitamins E) growth hormone and sex hormones; osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Sample Test Questions � The process of long bone growth is controlled by ____, wheras bone remodeling is controlled by ____. A) vitamins; minerals � � B) osteoblasts and osteoclasts; growth hormone and sex hormones C) osteoblasts; osteoclasts D) minerals; vitamins E) growth hormone and sex hormones; osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Sample Test Question � The foramen magnum passes through the: A) axis � � B) occipital bone C) temporal bone D) coxal bone E) atlas
Sample Test Question � The foramen magnum passes through the: A) axis � � B) occipital bone C) temporal bone D) coxal bone E) atlas
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