SKA 1 Low Frequency Aperture Array LFAA plus

SKA 1 Low Frequency Aperture Array - LFAA plus a prelude to: MFAA Mid Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Project Engineer Andrew Faulkner

SKA-low: end-to-end LFAA Signal & Data Transport Maser Low frequency Aperture Array Central Signal processor HPC HPC Bulk Store HPC M&C Scientists ! UV Processor Buffer store Switch Correlator Beamformer Buffer store Switch … Beamforming Power Cooling Science Data processor Telescope Manager Infrastructure April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

SKA 1 -low requirements Frequency: 50 MHz – 350 MHz (or 500 MHz…) Bandwidth: 300 MHz Sensitivity : 1000 m 2/K (110– 350 MHz) Polarisation: Dual (of good quality) Beam size: >5° (no beam stitching) April 2016 Scan angle: >45° # of beams: >5 Configuration: 50% <600 m radius 75% <1 km radius 95% <3 km radius 3 spiral arms of 50 km Data rate: STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array ~8 Tb/s (total) Andrew Faulkner

Technical implementation Antenna: Log Periodic Signal transport: Analogue fibre No. of ant. : 131, 072 (217) Processing: Digital Ant. Spacing, min: 1. 5 m (av. ~1. 9 m) Sample res. : 8 -bit Station size: Grouping: 16 antenna per Tile Data routing: Switched network No. of stations: 256 antennas ~40 m dia. 512 This is real! April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

A Station… Antenna Min. ant. spacing: 1. 5 m A “Station” – 256 antennas (beams sent for processing) ~40 mdia. • Low Frequency AA: 512 Stations • Antennas in a random pattern April 2016 A “Tile” – 16 antennas (processed in one module) STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

System architecture LNA e/o Screened Processing Facility Central Processing Facility Tile Processing module, TPM e/o o/e To Correlator COTS Data Network ADCs Beamforming … … Power & interface RF over Fibre . . o/e Spectral filters … o/e MCCS Monitor, Control & Calibration Servers To Telescope Manager … TPM … SKALA Antenna Arrays April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Remote Processing Facility Andrew Faulkner

Antenna - SKALA April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

Antenna Power Interface Unit April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

Processing Facility & fibre ingress April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

Outline rack design PSU and cooling • Double sided racks POWER DIST. FANS • Water cooled using building circulation TPM • 64 TPMs per rack, 128 in the system • Power, Clocks and timing circulated CLOCK DIST. PIPES DIST. FANS TPM 40 Gb SWITCH FANS TPM CLOCK DIST. PIPES DIST. FANS TPM April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

Tile Processing Module, TPM April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

TPM sub-systems WDM optical Analogue April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

Verification System 2016/17 • • • Test overall system Deployment at the SKA site 400 Antennas 25 TPMs 6 km Fibre Under construction April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

MFAA Preview… April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

MFAA Preview… Parameter Essential Desirable Frequency – low 450 MHz <400 MHz Frequency – high 1450 MHz >1450 MHz Polarisations 2 -linear 30 d. B purity 2 -linear 40 d. B purity Sensitivity 10, 000 m 2/K @ 800 MHz 10, 000 m 2/K @ 1 GHz 100 deg 2 >± 45° Bandwidth (max) 1000 MHz 1600 MHz Data rate to post processing >1 Pb/s >5 Pb/s Optical. Fo. V April 2016 Implementation # of stations Diameter of station Tsys Beamforming 256 - 1024 60. 5 m 35 All digital Antennas/station 32, 000 Antenna spacing 300 mm # of antennas 6 - 8 million STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

Proposed MFAA architecture Screened Processing Facility LNA e/o Station Proc. Module, SPM Tile Processing module, TPM o/e … e/o o/e 2 nd Beamforming o/e e/o To Correlator COTS Data Network o/e 1 st Beamforming … Fibre Mux RF over Fibre . . o/e ADCs Spectral filters Fibre Mux o/e Station Proc. Module, SPM o/e Sparse Antenna Arrays April 2016 Processing Facility STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array 2 nd Beamforming Monitor, Control & Calibration Servers o/e … Fibre Mux MCCS e/o AJF: 24 April 2015 Andrew Faulkner

LFAA Industry opportunities April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

LFAA Industry opportunities Subsystem # in LFAA Comments Antenna physical 131, 072 Mechanical components of antenna. Ant. “Pyramid” 131, 072 LNA, analogue components, optical, testing APIU 512 Linear power supplies, connectors, distribution Fibre links 512 Fibre cables up to 10 km long TPM: Analogue 8, 096 Optical, analogue, low power TPM: Digital 8, 096 ADC, FPGA, high performance Racks 128 Power, clock distribution, cooling Data network >256 Switches, 36 port 40+Gb/s MCCS 64 Servers – HPC Software FPGA, control software Processing facilities Infrastructure April 2016 1 CPF Large screened, cooled facility Trenching, leveling, installation etc STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner

Any Questions…? April 2016 STFC Industry Day: Low Frequency Aperture Array Andrew Faulkner