Sir Isaac Newton 1642 1727 Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP (/ˈnjuːtən/; [8] 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/7[1]) was an English physicist and mathematician (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations for classical mechanics. Newton made seminal contributions to optics, and he shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of calculus. Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, This work also demonstrated that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies could be described by the same principles. His prediction that Earth should be shaped as an oblate spheroid was later vindicated by the measurements of Maupertuis, La Condamine, and others, which helped convince most Continental European scientists of the superiority of Newtonian mechanics over the earlier system of Descartes. Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours of the visible spectrum. He formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves. Newton was a fellow of Trinity College and the second Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge. He was a devout but unorthodox Christian and, unusually for a member of the Cambridge faculty of the day, he refused to take holy orders in the Church of England, . , Newton became president of the Royal Society. Newton served the British government as Warden and Master of the Royal Mint. . Nominated by: ISB

Professor (Emeritus) John J O’Connor University of Oxford It took John a few years to find his home in the field of Biomechanics. John started his research life in the area of fretting and fatigue, on which he wrote his Ph. D thesis (University of Cambridge) and continued his research during his first academic post at the University of Minnesota. In 1964 John became a University Lecturer at the University of Oxford in the Department of Engineering Science, and it was at Oxford that John found Biomechanics. John developed an interest in Contact Stress Analysis and, as a result of this research in 1966 he was approached by a Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon called Mr John Goodfellow. Through this collaboration John & John came up with a completely new knee replacement design called the Oxford Unicompartmental Knee which replaced only one half of the knee and used engineering principles to minimise contact stress while allowing natural knee movement. Over the past 40 years, about a million people have had an Oxford Unicompartmental Knee. The extraordinary and sustained contribution of John O’Connor, John Goodfellow and the Oxford Knee Team to medical science was recognised with a Queen’s Award in 2001, and by the inclusion of the Oxford Knee amongst 20 works featured in the recent exhibition “Great Medical Discoveries: 800 years of Oxford Innovation” at the Bodleian Library in Oxford. The Oxford Unicompartmental Knee is but one of John’s many contributions to Biomechanics. John was one of early adopters of motion analysis to investigate locomotor pathology and established a gait lab at Oxford in 1976 which has stemmed pioneering research, such as the Oxford Foot Model. The gait lab is now used for both research and clinical examinations. John has also published a large body of experimental and theoretical work on the geometry and mechanics of the hip, knee and ankle. This led to the design of another successful implant called the BOX ankle. John still works closely with the orthopaedic industry to provide advice on knee replacement designs, and is the named inventor on numerous patents. John has supervised 26 DPhil and MSc Theses to date, and is still actively publishing papers and mentoring students. . Nominated by: Dr Elise Pegg

Prof Tom Mc. Mahon Harvard University, Thomas A. Mc. Mahon, a whimsical American synthesizer who fused sciences in a pioneering academic career in biomechanics even as he blended science and literature, He was both the Gordon Mc. Kay Professor of Applied Mechanics and professor of biology at Harvard University, as well as the author of three well-received novels. If it is an open question whether Dr. Mc. Mahon was a novelist who did science or a scientist who wrote novels, he had only himself to blame. Not only did he do acclaimed work in both fields, but he also clouded the issue from the beginning. A man who was fascinated by the process of invention, Dr. Mc. Mahon, to satisfy his own scientific interests, helped invent a new science, biomechanics, which applies the principles of mechanics to the study of locomotion in humans and other animals. It was a reflection both of the blended field's novelty and Dr. Mc. Mahon's academic standing that to accommodate his research interests, Harvard had to give him dual appointments in applied mechanics and biology. in the 1970's he and a colleague, Peter R. Greene, designed a tuned indoor track for Harvard. By optimizing the spring, or returned energy, when a foot pounds into the boards, the largely plywood track, which had been designed to reduce runners' shinsplint injuries, improved running times by an average of 3 percent, an accomplishment that might have made Dr. Mc. Mahon more a hero at Harvard if he had not helped install a similar track at Yale, as well as others at Madison Square Garden and the Meadowlands. Dr. Mc. Mahon also won praise for his scientific books, ''On Size and Life, '' a 1983 collaboration with John Tyler Bonner that analyzed for general readers the effects of size on animals of various dimensions, and the more specialized ''Muscles, Reflexes and Locomotion'' (1984), which Science magazine called an instant classic. Known as an especially nurturing teacher who always had time to advise his students on their careers, Dr. Mc. Mahon, a master at securing research grants, could not quite hide his playful side. Nominated by: ISB

Herman J. Woltring (1943 -1992) Department of Orthopaedics at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1980, Herman became a private consultant in biomechanics until his untimely death, during this time consulting with both industry and academe on a variety of projects. He has made invaluable contributions to the field of biomechanics particularly related to methods of 3 D motion analysis, the appropriate smoothing of data, and determination of rigid body kinematics. He also founded Biomch-L, an electronic newsletter for biomechanics community. Herman was born in Amsterdam, The Netherlands on April 14 th, 1943. He obtained his Master of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from the Eindhoven University of Technology in 1970. Afterwards, he was an Assistant Professor at the University of Nijmegen where he began his research on human movement at the Faculty of Psychology. During the academic period of 1971 -1972, he was awarded a European Science Exchange Fellowship from the Royal Society of London and The Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Pure Research. During his fellowship at the University of Sussex (U. K. ) he received an M. S. degree in Experimental Psychology. In 1977, Herman obtained his Ph. D. degree in Mathematics and Physics by completing a dissertation on "Measurement and control of human movement". He then spent two years as a Visiting Professor, one year in the Department of Kinesiology at the University of Waterloo, Canada and the other in the Nominated by: Prof J Challis

Professor Colin Caro Imperial College London Professor Colin Caro is one of the fathers of biofluid mechanics and its application to cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, as the founding Director of Imperial’s Physiological Flow Studies Unit (PFSU) in the 1960 s, he has had a profound effect on the wider discipline of Bioengineering. At its inception, the PFSU was almost unique in bringing together researchers from engineering, physiology, medicine and applied mathematics. Its groundbreaking work attracted many international visitors who subsequently became prominent in their own countries, leading to an influence on research in the USA, Europe and Japan that continues to this day. Professor Caro led the growth in size and scope of the PFSU that resulted in it becoming the Centre for Biological and Medical Systems, of which he was again the founding Director, and subsequently the Department of Bioengineering, one of the largest such entities worldwide. Professor Caro has qualifications in physiology and medicine and a strong interest in mechanics. By fostering interaction between physiology and medicine and physical sciences and engineering, he has advanced understanding of the mechanics underlying physiological and pathological processes, and has contributed to the detection and management of medical conditions. His seminal 1971 paper on arterial flow and disease contradicted the prevailing orthodoxy by showing that cholesterol accumulates preferentially in regions of low haemodynamic wall shear stress; now a citation classic, its ramifications still drive the work of numerous research groups around the globe. Subsequent studies concerning the effects of non-planar arterial geometry on flow were equally influential, leading to his development of new grafts and stents with a helical geometry whose efficacy has been proven in clinical trials. Colin’s textbook on the “Mechanics of the Circulation” was a pioneer in applying concepts from engineering and the physical sciences to the cardiovascular system. Its rigour and clarity have ensured that it remains core reading for biofluid mechanics researcher 33 years after it was first published; the release of the second edition in 2012 reflects its seminal status in the field. Professor Caro was a founding member of the World Council of Biomechanics and International Chairman of the 2 nd World Congress of Biomechanics. He is currently an Emeritus Professor of Physiological Mechanics and Senior Research Investigator, as well as the Founder and Research Director of two Imperial College London Spin-Out Companies – Heli. Swirl Technologies Limited and Veryan Medical Limited. . Nominated by: Dr Angela Kedgley, Professor Anthony Bull, Professor Peter Weinberg

Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608 -1679) Borelli’s major scientific achievements are focused around his investigation into biomechanics. This work originated with his studies of animals. His publications, De Motu Animalium I and De Motu Animalium II, borrowing their title from the Aristotelian treatise, relate animals to machines and utilize mathematics to prove his theories. The anatomists of the 17 th century were the first to suggest the contractile movement of muscles. Borelli, however, first suggested that ‘muscles do not exercise vital movement otherwise than by contracting. ’ He was also the first to deny corpuscular influence on the movements of muscles. This was proven through his scientific experiments demonstrating that living muscle did not release corpuscles into water when cut. Borelli also recognized that forward motion entailed movement of a body’s center of gravity forward, which was then followed by the swinging of its limbs in order to maintain balance. His studies also extended beyond muscle and locomotion. In particular he likened the action of the heart to that of a piston. For this to work properly he derived the idea that the arteries have to be elastic. For these discoveries, Borelli is labeled as the father of modern biomechanics and the American Society of Biomechanics uses the Borelli Award as its highest honour for research in the area. [1] Along with his work on biomechanics, Borelli also had interests in physics, specifically the orbits of the planets. [2] Borelli believed that the planets were revolving as a result of three forces. The first force involved the planets' desire to approach the sun. The second force dictated that the planets were propelled to the side by impulses from sunlight, which is corporeal. Finally, the third force impelled the planets outward due to the sun’s revolution. The result of these forces is similar to a stone’s orbit when tied on a string. Borelli's measurements of the orbits of satellites of Jupiter are mentioned in Volume 3 of Newton's Principia. Borelli is also considered to be the first man to consider a self -contained underwater breathing apparatus along with his early submarine design. [3][4] The exhaled gas was cooled by sea water after passing through copper tubing. The helmet was brass with a glass window and 0. 6 m (2 ft) in diameter. The apparatus was never likely to be used or tested. [5] Nominated by:

Professor Gisela Sjøgaard University of Southern Denmark, Gisela Sjøgaard is a professor of physiology and biomechanics at the University of Southern Denmark and a female pioneer with manifold contributions to the field of biomechanics. She attended the ISB congress for the first time in 1978 with a presentation on force-velocity curve for bicycle work. Her early work focused on physiological aspects of performance and muscle physiology given that her supervisor was Professor Bengt Saltin. Gaining independence she did pioneering work related to muscle pressure and muscle fatigue. In elite sports she engaged in cycling, followed the Tour de France and developed advanced biomechanical models for optimizing pedal rate. Within work physiology, which has grown to be her main field of research, she has focused on work-related musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomic interventions. Long before the great public focused on physical activity, professor Sjøgaard pointed out that physical exercise training in the workplace could be an effective mean of preventing and treating musculoskeletal disorders. It was at that time highly controversial, but today it is an only debated how to promote and implement it. Professor Sjøgaard is still active in this area of research and engaging to the public debate. Overall, professor Sjøgaard masters the broad range of biomechanics from muscle mechanics over elite sports to clinical relevance. 1975 -2015 she published more than 200 peer-review articles and books/book chapters in international scientific journals and text books. Number of publications listed in ISI Web of Science: 177; total number of citations: 5292; average citations per item: 29. 90; H-index: 39. Other research publications encompass 18 books/reports, 32 book chapters and 2 scientific theses. . Nominated by: Professor Taija Finni

Prof. dr. Ton van den Bogert Cleveland State University. sports, and animation. His work has been supported by numerous federal grants and by contracts with industry. Ton has served as President of the International Society of Biomechanics and also well known as the moderator of Biomch-L, an online discussion forum on human and animal movement science. He has published over 130 journal articles and book chapters, and sits on the editorial boards of three scientific journals. Notable awards are the Sports Injury Research Award of the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (2004), and a Technical Achievement Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2005. Antonie J. (Ton) van den Bogert currently holds the Parker. Hannifin Endowed Chair in Human Motion and Control in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Cleveland State University. He has previously been on the faculty at the University of Calgary (1993 -1998) and the Cleveland Clinic (1998 -2010). Current research interests are (1) control of powered prosthetic and orthotic devices, and (2) predicting the effect of sports equipment and rehabilitative devices on human movement and performance His academic degrees are from the University of Utrecht (Netherlands), including a BS/MS degree in Physics and Applied Mathematics, and a Ph. D degree in Veterinary Science for work on locomotion in horses. For most of his career, Ton has worked on computational modeling of human movement and computer-aided movement analysis, with applications in rehabilitation, . Nominated by: Frans Steenbrink

Professor Giovanni Alfredo Cavagna University of Milan Prof. Cavagna is a leading expert in the field of muscle and locomotion physiology and biomechanics, and he has been able all along his career to bridge the gap between the two scientific fields, in order to bring a comprehensive and integrative view of human and animal locomotion. Hi first studies were published in the early 1960’s, and brought new insights into the mechanical work performed by a previously stretched muscle, and the ability of the muscular system to store and re-use elastic energy. He also described for the first time the pendular mechanism of walking and the bouncing mechanism of running. His work counts many milestone publications in the field of human walking and running mechanics (e. g. The mechanics of sprint running, J Physiol, 1971), made possible by the use of force plates, as detailed in a seminal locomotion biomechanics paper (Force platforms as ergometers, J Appl Physiol, 1975). Numerous authors using the computation of the movements of the center of mass of the body and the external mechanical work as a method to study human and animal locomotion have cited the latter publication (>450 citations). Prof. Cavagna’s citations metrics (Source: Google Scholar) show that his >60 peer-reviewed papers have generated more than 8000 citations (h-index of 39), and his works are still considered as one of the pillars of modern locomotion mechanics: human waking, running, bouncing and sprinting mechanics; human and animal muscle elastic energy storage and re-use. Today Professor Emeritus, Prof. Cavagna has published his works in the most prestigious reviews of his field, e. g. Journal of Physiology, Nature, and has built an ever lasting school of research into the biomechanics of locomotion, with an integrative view that bridges the gap between musculotendinous mechanical properties, and macroscopic mechanical outputs of human and animal bodies. Nominated by: Pr. Jean-Benoit Morin, University of Nice, Dr. Pierre Samozino, University of Savoie, Pr. Patrick Willems, Catholic University of Louvain, Dr Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Prof Gerrit Jan van Ingen Schenau Free University in Amsterdam Older skaters have sometimes had trouble adapting to the clap skates. Men have been more wary than women, sprinters more wary than distance skaters. ''Some of the older skaters had been skating for 20 years on basically the same kind of skate, '' Mr. Thometz said. ''Then, six to nine months before the Nagano Olympics, they got clap skates and had to learn a new technique. Some were not that competitive initially. speed skating has been revolutionized by a clap skate that allows skaters to go so much faster that they have rewritten the entire record book. Gerrit Jan van Ingen Schenau, a Dutch scientist who developed the skate, . The traditional racing skate has a blade fixed to the boot in the front and back. In the clap skate, a spring-loaded hinge in front allows the boot's heel to rise and fall. That keeps the skate on the ice longer, which means more economy of motion and, in turn, greater speed. When the blade springs back into contact with the shoe, it makes a clapping sound, and thus the name clap skate. More than 100 years ago, a Canadian and a German received patents on the clap skate. Mr. van Ingen Schenau, a profesor of biomechanics at Free University in Amsterdam, developed the skate in 1983, and it was first used in the 1984 -85 season. The sweeping success of that team led every other skating nation to get the new skates and learn to use them. ' ''A lot of skating is feeling your contact with the ice, your blade hitting the ice, your blade coming off the ice. The clap skate has a different feel, and some people have trouble getting that feel. '' The Americans got a late start with clap skates because when orders started to pour into Viking, the manufacturer took care of its regular customers first. Every elite skater wears them now, although not everyone loves them. ''I have mixed feelings, '' Mr. Kemkers said. ''I don't want to see this technology take away from the quiet and fine coordination, which is the special beauty of speed skating. '' Nominated by: ISB

Prof. dr. Jaap van Dieën MOVE Research Inst. Amsterdam. They aim to translate fundamental insights into clinically applicable procedures and to develop measurement tools that can be used outside the laboratory context. We collaborate with applied researchers, epidemiologists and biomedical industry, to achieve translation of our results to practice, and highly value contacts with practice. His research group concentrates on the effects of ageing, musculoskeletal and neurological disorders on human movement with as main focus the stability of posture and gait. Our goal is to contribute to prevention, treatment and rehabilitation with respect to musculoskeletal and movement disorders, by increasing our understanding of movement-related causes and consequences of these disorders and related impairments. They use observational and experimental approaches to unravel the interplay between organismic, task-related, and environmental constraints as co-determinants of motor behavior. We have established a team, including national and international external collaborators, with a broad range of expertise and skills, to tackle these problems from a multidiscpiplinary perspective. Nominated by: Frans Steenbrink

Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) Galileo Galilei (Italian pronunciation: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi]; 15 February 1564[3] – 8 January 1642), was an Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and mathematician[4] who played a major role in the scientific revolution during the Renaissance. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest scientists of all time. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy", [5] and the "father of modern physics", [6][7] and "the father of modern science". [8] His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, inventing an improved military compass and other instruments. . Galileo's championing of heliocentrism was controversial within his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic system. [9] He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted heliocentrism due to the absence of an observed stellar parallax. [9] The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, and they concluded that it could only be supported as a possibility, not as an established fact. [9][10] Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated him and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point. [9] He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest. [11][12] It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he wrote one of his finest works, Two New Sciences. Here he summarized the work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials. [13][14]. Nominated by:

Eadweard Muybridge (1830 -1904) Eadweard Muybridge is considered one of the forefathers of both the movie industry and biomechanics. Our society’s most prestigious award is named after Eadweard Muybridge, the Muybridge Award. This award is made at our congresses, but who is Eadweard Muybridge? Muybridge had a colorful life with many highlights; some of which are listed in the following timeline. 1830 - Edward James Muggeridge was born in Kingston-on. Thames in England. He subsequently changed his name twice, first to Eadweard Muygridge and then to Eadweard Muybridge. 1852 – left England for the USA, settled in San Francisco working as a book seller. 1860 – took out a patent for a photographic plate printing. 1867 – took landscape photos of Yosemite Valley, which lead to some fame as a photographer. 1872 – took photo-sequence of Leland Stanford’s horse, Occident, trotting with all four hoofs simultaneously off of the ground. This apparently led to Stanford winning a $25, 000 bet. Multiple cameras placed in a row were used to capture the horse’s motion. 1874 – shot and killed George Larkyns. 1875 – found innocent of murder, probably on grounds of temporary insanity. 1878 – drawings of his photographs of a horse walking and trotting appeared on the cover of The Scientific American. 1881 – Muybridge’s book The Attitudes of Animals in Motion was published. 1884 – began work at the University of Pennsylvania. Using an electronically triggered 24 camera system he endeavored to catalog animal movement. 1890 – Muybridge’s books Animal Locomotion: The Muybridge Work, and The Science of Animal Locomotion were published. 1904 – died in Kingston-on-Thames. Muybridge contribution from a biomechanical perspective was in the area of motion analysis. He did not take measurements, but was one of the first to capture motion and did so for many species and movements. Although reexamination of his work has shown that he edited sets of photo-sequences together to produce a final sequence; this should not diminish our appreciation of the impact of his work as it promoted considerable thought about the nature of movement. . Nominated by: Pro J Challis

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Prof Wafa Skalli Arts et Métiers Paris. Tech The highlight of her research activity is the large and multidisciplinary academic field on the clinical and industrial levels, which helped in achieving the following significant results: Co-inventor of the EOS system, digital radiography system at very low radiation dose, allowing the 3 D reconstruction of the skeleton and subject-specific modeling: In the field of scoliosis, geometric model and definition of a severity index for detection Early onset scoliosis and design biomechanical models for the simulation of brace and surgery. Engineering for Arts et Métiers PAris. Tech ENSAM (1980) , Ph. D in Mechanical Engineering (ENSAM , 1983) , Authorised to Conduct research (University of Paris 12 , 1992). 199 publications referenced in Pubmed , including 121 on the spine. 10 patents. H index scopus 33. Corresponding member of the Hassan II Academy of Sciences and Techniques of Morocco. Member of the National Academy of Surgery in France. Prize Nessim Habif 2014. Prize of senior researcher of the French Society of Biomechanics 2014. The research that she drive or run focus mainly on subject-specific modeling of the musculoskeletal system (especially the spine), and the methods of experimental analysis and quantitative clinical exploration of this complex system. The goal is to better understand the normal biomechanical behavior and the mechanisms of degradation and restorations, taking into account inter-individual specificities. Scientific leader of the international program of Education and Research in subject-specific musculoskeletal modeling Biomec. AM, holder of the Chair for Innovation in Clinical Orthopaedics within the program. Member of the editorial board of the journal CMBBE (Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering), founding member of the French section of CAOS (Computer Assisted Orthopedic Surgery) , Reviewer in various journals (Spine, J. Biomechanics, CMBBE, J. Bone and Mineral Research, the Lancet, . . . ). Nominated by: Asst Pr. Ayman Assi

Prof. dr. Frans C. T. van der Helm Delft University of Technology Estimation in Neurophysiological systems, www. Neuro. SIPE. nl ) program and H-Haptics (Human centered Haptics, www. HHaptics. nl ) program, sponsored by the Dutch National Science Foundation. In 2011 he received an ERC advanced grant for a research project ‘ 4 D EEG’, improving temporal and spatial resolution of EEG source localization. In 2012 Frans van der Helm received the Simon Stevin Meester award (www. stw. nl/nl/content/frans-van-der-helmstw-simon-stevin-meester-2012 ). The Simon Stevin Meester award is the most important award for technical/scientific research in the Netherlands, and is awarded to researchers who combine excellent fundamental scientific work with relevant societal issues and applications. He has a MSc in Human Movement Sciences (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1985), and a Ph. D in Mechanical Engineering (Delft University of Technology, 1991). In 2012 Frans van der Helm received the ‘Leermeesterprijs’ as the most inspiring teacher and research supervisor of Delft University of Technology. Frans van der Helm was member of the board of the International Society of Biomechanics (2005 -2009), and participated in the board of the Technical Group of Computer Simulation (TGCS) and the International Shoulder Group (ISG). He is one of programme leaders in the Medical Delta, the collaboration between Leiden Unversity Medical Center (LUMC), Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam and TU Delft. He has published over 200 papers in international journals on topics as biomechanics of the upper and lower extremity, neuromuscular control, eye biomechanics, pelvic floor biomechanics, human motion control, posture stability, haptic telemanipulation, man-machine interaction, automotive control, airplane, control, etc. . Frans van der Helm was Principal Investigator in the TREND research consortium (2004 -2011, www. trendconsortium. nl ), investigating Complex Regional Pain Syndrome as a neurological disorder. Currently, he is the program leader of the Neuro. SIPE (System Identification and Parameter Nominated by: Frans Steenbrink

Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795 – 1878) Ernst Heinrich Weber (June 24, 1795 – January 26, 1878) was a German physician who is considered one of the founders of experimental psychology. Weber (1795 -1878) was an influential and important figure in the areas of physiology and psychology during his lifetime and beyond. His studies on sensation and touch, along with his emphasis on good experimental techniques gave way to new directions and areas of study for future psychologists, physiologists, and anatomists. Ernst Weber was born into an academic background, with his father serving as a professor at the University of Wittenberg. Weber became a doctor, specializing in anatomy and physiology. Two of his younger brothers, Wilhelm and Eduard, were also influential in academia, both as scientists with one specializing in physics and the other in anatomy. Ernst became a lecturer and a professor at the University of Leipzig and stayed there until his retirement. Ernst Weber’s first direct contribution to psychology came in 1834 when trying to describe the sensation of touch. Just. Noticeable Difference: Weber describes just-noticeable difference as the following, “in observing the disparity between things that are compared, we perceive not the difference between the things, but the ratio of this difference to the magnitude of things compared. ” In other words, we are able to distinguish the relative difference, not the absolute difference between items. Or, we can discern between some constant ratio, not some constant difference. Weber’s first work with JND had to do with differences in weight, in that JND is the "minimum amount of difference between two weights necessary to tell them apart". [4] For this, Weber found that the finest discrimination between weights was when they differed by 3%. Weber's Law: ΔR/R = k ΔR: amount of stimulation that needs to be added for JNDR: amount of existing stimulation. K: constant (different for each sense). It has been found that Weber’s law is invalid at extremes of a range of intensities. Two-point Threshold Technique: helped map sensitivity and touch acuity on the body using compass technique. Points of a compass would be set at varying distances in order to see at what distance are the points of the compass perceived as two separate points instead of one single point. [7] Weber also wrote about and tested other ideas on sensation including a terminal threshold, which is the highest intensity an individual could sense before the sensation could not be detected any longer. . Nominated by: ISB

Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804 – 1891) Weber was born in Wittenberg, he entered the University, and devoted himself to natural philosophy. He distinguished himself so much in his classes, and by original work, that after taking his degree of Doctor and becoming a Privatdozent he was appointed Professor Extraordinary of natural philosophy at Halle. In 1831, on the recommendation of Carl Friedrich Gauss, he was hired by the university of Göttingen as professor of physics, at the age of twenty-seven. His lectures were interesting, instructive, and suggestive. Weber thought that, in order to thoroughly understand physics and apply it to daily life, mere lectures, though illustrated by experiments, were insufficient, and he encouraged his students to experiment themselves, free of charge, in the college laboratory. As a student of twenty years he, with his brother, Ernst Heinrich Weber, Professor of Anatomy at Leipzig, had written a book on the Wave Theory and Fluidity, which brought its authors a considerable reputation. The 'mechanism of walking in mankind' was another study, undertaken in conjunction with his younger brother, Eduard Weber. These important investigations were published between the years 1825 and 1838. . Weber then travelled for a time, visiting England, among other countries, and became professor of physics in Leipzig from 1843 to 1849, when he was reinstated at Göttingen. One of his most important works, co-authored with Carl Friedrich Gauss and Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt, was Atlas des Erdmagnetismus: nach den Elementen der Theorie entworfen (Atlas of Geomagnetism: Designed according to the elements of theory), [1][2] a series of magnetic maps, and it was chiefly through his efforts that magnetic observatories were instituted. He studied magnetism with Gauss, and during 1864 published his Electrodynamic Proportional Measures containing a system of absolute measurements for electric currents, which forms the basis of those in use. In 1856 with Rudolf Kohlrausch (1809– 1858) he demonstrated that the ratio of electrostatic to electromagnetic units produced a number that matched the value of then known speed of light. This finding led to Maxwell's conjecture that light is an electromagnetic wave. This also led to Weber's development of his theory of electrodynamics. Also, the first usage of the letter "c" to denote the speed of light was in an 1856 paper by Kohlrausch and Weber. The SI unit of magnetic flux, the weber (symbol: Wb) is named after him. . Nominated by: ISB

Julius Wolff (1836 – 1902) Julius Wolf was born on March 21, 1836, and received his doctorate in 1861 in the field of surgery for Bernhard von Langenbeck (1810– 1887) at the Friedrich-Wilhelms University to Berlin. In 1861 he settled down after the state examination as a general practitioner in Berlin. He participated as a surgeon in three campaigns (1864, 1866, 1870/71). Based on observations in his long career as a surgeon, he postulated Wolff's law (original title 1892: The law of transformation of the bone), which describes the relationship between bone geometry and mechanical influences on bone. For this he was with leading scientists of his time in active contact. Karl Culmann (1821– 1881), Wilhelm Roux (1850– 1924), Christian Otto Mohr (1835– 1918) and Albert Hoffa (1859– 1907) gave him support for the interpretation and evaluation of its research. His work established the mechanism and thus physical factors in evolutionary biology. He saw his work as an extension of theory of evolution by Charles Darwin (1809– 1882). His work was one of the mile stones for orthopedics as a distinct discipline in medicine. Julius Wolff was the first professor of orthopedics at the Charité and the founder and director of the first Department of Orthopaedic Surgery in Berlin. His scientific work has to this day a significant impact on orthopedic surgery. His findings that adapted bone altered mechanical conditions found today in application of musculoskeletal research, orthopedics, trauma surgery, rehabilitation, mechano-and cell biology and tissue engineering. He died on February 18, 1902 of a stroke. Nominated by: ISB

Dr Jaquelin Perry Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center Dr. Perry was a key researcher in gait and abnormal gait. She was a pioneer as one of the few female orthopedists in the 1950’s becoming board certified in 1958. It is hard to imagine today, but there were only 10% women in her medical school class, 7 out of 76. She taught at USC Medical School from 1972 until the late 90’s. She worked at Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center in California for many years and was Chief of Pathokinesiology and later Chief of the Biomechanics and Gait Lab among other positions. More recently the Jacquelin Perry Musculoskeletal Biomechanics Laboratory was dedicated in December, 2008 She is best known for her work on polio patients and her 1992 text Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function” became an instant classic. The Salk vaccine, introduced in the mid-1950’s, effectively ended polio in the Western World fairly quickly. Dr. Perry directed her attention to improving a rehabilitation program for spinal cord injury, work on hemiplegia, and children’s neuromuscular disorders including primary muscular dystrophy, myelodysplasia, and cerebral palsy. Before beginning her medical studies Dr. Perry studied physical therapy and served as a physical therapist in army hospitals during WWII from 1941 -1945. She reported that in addition to trauma patients, she had been exposed to polio patients during this time which spurred her interest. From an early time in her career she began observational gait analysis and worked to codify her observations. Later video and EMG (electromyography) and forceplate observations were added. Her clinical observations and descriptions of “loading response” were clear and had implications for many biomechanists. She also well described the terminology which led to an emphasis by some on “sagittal plane biomechanics”: Heel Rocker, Ankle Rocker and Forefoot Rocker She is acknowledged often in the physical therapy community. Dr. Perry has inspired many to research in gait and biomechanics. But all biomechanists know of her work and realize thanks owed to her for her interests, work, inspiration and research. We often have had a more limited acknowledgment of our forebearers but she is certainly a major one in the realm of biomechanics and gait analysis. While we now have improved measuring devices (in laboratories and sometimes in clinical offices) and we measure and make observations of moments of force in addition to the things we can see, her work has had tremendous impact and has had much value. As Galileo performed visual observation with his telescope long before we could study pulsars, quasars and black holes, Jacquelin Perry worked well with the instruments she had available. Nominated by: Prof Phil Rowe

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, more commonly Leonardo da Vinci, (15 April 1452 – 2 May 1519) was an Italian polymath. He was a painter, sculptor, architect, scientist, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, astronomer, cartographer, botanist, historian and writer. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived in the Western world. [1] He is referred to as the Father of paleontology alongside Georges Cuvier. His genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination". [2] Born out of wedlock to a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, in Vinci in the region of Florence, Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice, and he spent his last years in France at the home awarded him by Francis I. Leonardo was, and is, renowned primarily as a painter. Among his works, the Mona Lisa is the most famous and most parodied portrait[4] and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time, with their fame approached only by Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam. [2] Leonardo's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon, [5] being reproduced on items as varied as the euro coin, textbooks, and T-shirts. Perhaps fifteen of his paintings have survived, the small number because of his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques. [nb 1] Nevertheless, these few works, together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, compose a contribution to later generations of artists rivalled only by that of his contemporary, Michelangelo. L eonardo is revered for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualised flying machines, an armoured vehicle, concentrated solar power, an adding machine, [6] and the double hull, also outlining a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime, [nb 2] but some of his smaller inventions, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded. [nb 3] He made substantial discoveries in anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics, . Nominated by: ISB

Prof Tetsuo Fukunaga Waseda University, Saitama Tetsuo Fukunaga received a Ph. D from The University of Tokyo, Japan, in 1973. He worked as a research assistant in The University of Tokyo from 1971 to 1973; as an associate professor in Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan, from 1973 to 1980; as an associate professor and a full professor at The University of Tokyo, from 1980 to 2002. He then moved to Waseda University, Saitama where he was a full professor from 2002 to 2008. He has served as president of Japanese Society of Biomechanics, and as a council member of the ISB. His research interests include examining muscletendon interactions during human movement, often using innovative imaging techniques. He is currently a president of the National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan. . Nominated by: ISB

Professor Peter R Cavanagh University of Washington Dr Cavanagh has over 400 publications, and has mentored over 70 graduate students and post-docs. The sustained impact of his work is indicated by over 7000 citations in the literature. Many of his papers are considered classics in the field, and papers published decades ago are still influencing lower extremity biomechanics research today. The classic “Ground reaction forces in distance running” has been cited almost 400 times and is still being cited in 2015, 35 years after publication. Dr Peter Cavanagh is a distinguished leader in the field of lower extremity biomechanics. His research spans from distance running performance to diabetic foot health to bone health in space and on earth. His outstanding contributions to the field have been recognised by numerous honors, including the ISB’s Muybridge Medal in 1987, and honorary membership of ISB in 2008. In addition to recognition by ISB, Dr Cavanagh has received honors and awards from other professional societies, including the American College of Sports Medicine (Wolfe Lecture, Citation Award, Dill Lecture), and American Society of Biomechanics (Borelli Award, Hay Lecture). Most recently, Dr Cavanagh received the Distinguished Public Service Medal from NASA in recognition of 30 years of work in the development of exercise countermeasures for space flight. . Nominated by: Clare Milner

Dr. Kevin P Granata Virginia Tech University USA Dr. Though perhaps not the intention of this award, I cannot think of a person more deserving of this title than Dr. Kevin P Granata. I did not know him personally, only through this reputation, but I truly believe that his legacy is one that we, as a community, should honor. Dr. Granata was wellrespected in the Biomechanics community, for his research in movement dynamics in cerebral palsy and lower back stability. Dr. Granata was also involved with the American Society of Biomechanics as well as a number of other organizations. In 2007, after ushering 20 students to safety, Dr. Granata lost his life while confronting the perpetrator of the Virginia Tech massacre. This, to me, is the definition of a hero from within our community. Nominated by: Anonymous

Prof Jim Hay Iowa University, Jim proved himself to be a brilliant exponent of the proficient researcher who combined a thorough understanding of human mechanics and skilled data collecting and handling. The large body of publications and his exemplary CV largely proved Jim’s biomechanical excellence as a biomechanical researcher. Additionally his many coaching publications, mainly in track and field, show his concern and determination to transmit and apply the scientific information into practice in a way trainers could make use of it. Jim Hay was a real pioneer and one of the founding fathers of sport biomechanics In the early years there was no fancy modern technology to collect measuring data. Only basic cinematography and rudimentary electromyography were the tools of yore and somewhat later the first, but limited force plates. On the other hand, many (including me) will testify that Jim was also a charming and inviting person and always ready for an enthusiastic and intelligible discussion. After all there was a good reason the ISB created the Jim Hay Award. In these times, analysing human movement was a tedious, very time consuming and sometimes really adventurous endeavor. Besides a clear insight in the mechanics of human movement, the main virtues of a successful researcher included plenty of creativity, a good measure of technical feeling and also lots of patience. Nominated by:

Prof Joe Hamill University of Massachusetts Amherst Dr. Hamill was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He has a B. A. in Political Science and a B. S. in Science. He received his M. S. and Ph. D. degrees in Biomechanics at the University of Oregon. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Kinesiology and the Neuroscience and Behavior Program at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, an Honorary Professor at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, an Adjunct Professor at the University of Limerick, Ireland, a Distinguished Research Professor at the Republic Polytechnic in Singapore and a Staff Scientist at the Shriner’s Hospital for Children in Springfield, MA. He has authored over 130 research papers. His 1999 paper published in Clinical Biomechanics “A dynamical systems approach to lower extremity running injuries” has been cited more 250 times as classic biomechanics paper. He has been an invited speaker at numerous universities in the United States and in countries such as Brazil, Canada, England, France, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Hong Kong, China, Korea, Austria, Singapore, Scotland, Czech Republic, Ireland New Zealand. He is a Fellow of the Research Consortium of AAHPERD, the American College of Sports Medicine, the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports, the Canadian Society of Biomechanics and the National Academy of Kinesiology. He has been awarded the James G. Hay Award from the American Society of Biomechanics, the Ruth Glassow Award from the Biomechanics Academy and a Career Achievement Award from the Biomechanics Interest Group of the American College of Sports Medicine. During his academic career, he has mentored 21 Ph. D, 28 MS students and 10 honors’ students. Professionally, he has served on the Executive Boards of the New England Chapter of the American College of Sports Medicine, the Footwear Biomechanics Group, the International Society of Biomechanics, the Canadian Society of Biomechanics, the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports and the National Academy of Kinesiology. He has also served as the Chair of the Footwear Biomechanics Group and the Chair of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports. Joe Hamill is a prolific and insightful biomechanics researcher who has made important scientific contributions in locomotion biomechanics. While most of his work investigates numerous and varied question in running biomechanics, Dr. Hamill has contributed to walking biomechanics, biomechanical theory, and a variety of movement and performance analyses. His body of work has been published in dozens of top-ranking biomechanics and other scientific journals and it has been cited by others thousands of times. . Still, Dr. Hamill’s greatest hero-attribute is his work in training and mentoring many doctoral, masters, and honors students. Nominated by: Paul De. Vita, Ph. D , & Professor Li Li.

Prof David Winter University of Waterloo He retired in 1995 with the title Distinguished Professor Emeritus. His research focused on human locomotion and he pioneered ideas such as automated motion analysis, appropriate filtering of motion analysis data, segmental energies and joint powers. In 2011 the ISB named their young investigator award after David, “David Winter Young Investigator Award”. David passed away in 2012. . David Winter received his BSc (1953) and MSc degrees (1961) from Queen’s University, and Ph. D from Dalhousue University (1967). He started his academic career in 1961 as an Assistant Professor in Electrical Engineering at the Royal Military College (Kingston, Ontario), before moving to the Technical University of Nova Scotia, where he was promoted to Professor in 1969. In 1969, he became Director of Biomedical Engineering at the Shriner's Hospital in Winnipeg, with a faculty position in Surgery at the University of Manitoba. In 1974 he moved to the University of Waterloo where he was an Associate Professor in the Department of Kinesiology, and then promoted to Professor in 1976. Nominated by: ISB

Professor Doris I Miller University of Western Ontario Dr. Miller was a founding member of the International Society of Biomechanics, the Canadian Society of Biomechanics, and the American Society of Biomechanics and served as President of the American Society of Biomechanics (1983 -1984). Dr. Miller’s career and contributions to biomechanics have continued to be exceptional and have been previously recognized by both international and national biomechanics societies. Most recently, Dr. Doris Miller was awarded the 2009 Jim Hay Memorial Award for Research in Sports Biomechanics by the American Society of Biomechanics. Dr. Doris Miller is truly a pioneer in biomechanics and the world leader in diving biomechanics research. As one of the first graduates of the biomechanics research program at Penn State, she used a multisegment dynamic model to test hypotheses about the flight phase mechanics of a dive, a revolutionary approach for 1970. Dr. Miller’s research on diving spans four decades with her latest publication in 2004. She continues to demonstrate originality and depth in her research as an active member of the Performance Enhancement Team member for USA Diving and a biomechanist for the Olympic Medal Program. She received the most prestigious award from the diving community including the 2008 Glenn Mc. Cormick Memorial Award for Outstanding Contribution to the Sport of Diving. Her vast contributions to sports biomechanics are truly remarkable, particularly when considering in the context of limited and inconsistent funding for sports biomechanics. Few have conquered the many obstacles encountered during competition including those requiring video recording from roof tops in near tropical storm conditions or from flooded underwater window locations wearing insulated hip-waders. Dr. Doris Miller continues to be very generous with her knowledge and skills and is willing to collaborate and mentor those willing to learn. “Doris Miller has produced more research studies for USA Diving's coaches and divers than any other person. Her input has been invaluable to the development of our sport…. Doris has broken the most important barrier between science and coaching. ” Ron O’Brien, USA Diving Technical Director and Coach of Olympic Medalists including Greg Louganis Nominated by: Professor JL Mc. Nitt-Gray

Dr József Barton Medical University of Pécs, Hungary Dr József Barton established teaching and research of sports biomechanics in Hungary. He graduated with a full medical degree (1961) and started as a surgeon, then specialised in sports medicine and dentistry and lectured in anatomy, physiology and biomechanics. His pioneering work in biomechanics began while working as a sports physician at the Teachers’ Training College in Pécs (Currently Janus Pannonius University). He lectured in anatomy, physiology and biomechanics supported by his peer reviewed notes published in soft cover book format. His Hungarian textbook entitled Biomechanika was published first in 1984 and used copies are still in circulation in Hungary. József’s productive publication activity for the benefits of Hungarian students in biomechanics, which was the result of sustained night long hammering at his red typewriter, was recognised by the Quality Award from the Ministry of Culture and Education. Doing biomechanics behind the iron curtain was hindered in many ways especially for someone who was not a member of the party and spoke English, German and Russian. Budgets were tight, mostly non-existent. József self-funded large parts of his work including special markers for cine film analysis of swimming hand delivered from West-Germany, using the selfless help of foreign friends taking a Commodore-64 for video digitising across customs in the 80’s, funding his own study travels to Penn State (USA) to name a few. He still managed to get to numerous national and international conferences (over 100 presentations) together with his students who took up biomechanics as an elective. As the mesh of the iron curtain loosened up, his biomechanics research visit to Jyvaskyla (Finland) was part funded and he won a precious Tempus grant for a study leave at Liverpool. His interests widened from swimming, high jump, weight lifting to hippotherapy, graphology, physiotherapy and gait analysis at the University of Physical Education in Budapest and then at the Health Faculty of the Medical University of Pecs in Zalaegerszeg. József retired in 1997 and passed away in 2012 after a long illness. His legacy is carried on by his son who is now a senior biomechanist. Nominated by: Dr Gabor J Barton, Reader in Biomechanics, Liverpool John Moores University.

Prof Herbert Hatze University of Vienna In 1975 he was appointed as Chief Research Scientist for Biocybernetics and Biomechanics at the National Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria, S. A. IN 1981 he moved to the Laboratory of Biomechanics at the University of Vienna, Austria where he was a full Professor. His researched focused on modeling the musculo-skeletal system. Professor Hatze passed away in 2001. Herbert Hatze was born in Vienna, Austria in 1937. He received the bachelor of science (Majors: Mathematics, Applied Mathematics; with first class honors in Applied Mathematics) from the University of South Africa in 1970, the honors bachelor of science (Courses: Optimal Control Theory, Ordinary Differential Equations, Calculus of Variations, Differential Geometry; with first class honors) from the University of South Africa in 1972 and the Ph. D. (Thesis: "A Control Model of Skeletal Muscle and its Application to a Time-optimal Biomotion") from the Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Univ. of S. A. in 1974. Nominated by: Prof J Challis

Prof Walter Herzog University of Calgary As the Canadian Institutes of Health Research Chair in Cellular and Molecular Biomechanics, Director of the Human Performance Laboratory and a Biomechanics Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, Walter Herzog is an exceptional role model in Biomechanics. Walter’s research is focused on the neuro-biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system, including growth, healing and adaptation of musculoskeletal tissues. Most notably, Walter has contributed immensely to the understanding of muscle contraction. Walter’s research is funded by multiple Canadian Institutes of Health Research grants, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council operating grants, various grants from private and not for profit organizations and the Killam Memorial Chair at the University of Calgary. Walter serves as the co-lead of the Alberta Innovates Health Solutions multidisciplinary team in osteoarthritis, bringing together researchers across all pillars of biomechanics research. The breadth of Walter’s research program—from sub-cellular to whole organism and human biomechanics—employing methods on the frontier of experimentation and theoretical analysis is renowned by biomechanists worldwide. Walter is an active member of the biomechanics community, serving as President of the Canadian Society of Biomechanics (1995 -1997), American Society of Biomechanics (2003 -2004), and International Society of Biomechanics (2007 -2009). He has been involved in the organization of various Biomechanics conferences, most notably the 1999 International Society of Biomechanics Meeting in Calgary, and the 2002 World Congress of Biomechanics in Calgary. To date, Walter has hosted numerous visiting professors and students, trained over 100 graduate students and fellows, and has contributed to over 425 peer-reviewed publications and 50 book chapters. Many of Walter’s previous trainees have gone on to positions at top institutions (Mc. Gill, Duke, UTexas at Austin). Walter instills a balance of curiosity and scepticism in his students through his visible excitement when his research leads to unknown territory and his careful scrutiny of even his own work. His contributions have both challenged paradigms and illuminated previously darkened corridors in the field of biomechanics. Nominated by: Trainees of Dr. Herzog’s Lab Group

Prof R. Mc. Neil Alexander University of Leeds Dr. Professor Alexander was educated at the University of Cambridge (MA, Ph. D) and the University of Wales (DSc). After a Lectureship at then University College of North Wales (now Bangor University) from 1958 to 1969, he was Professor of Zoology at the University of Leeds from 1969 until his retirement in 1999 when the title of Emeritus Professor was conferred upon him. Professor Alexander was Secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1992 -1999) which included supervising the management of London and Whipsnade Zoos. He was President of the Society for Experimental Biology (1995 -1997), President of the International Society of Vertebrate Morphologists (19972001) and editor of the prestigious Proceedings of the Royal Society B (1998 -2004). His research specialised in research on animal mechanics. Nominated by:

Prof V. C. Mow University of Columbia, New York Among Mow's many activities, he was the first Ph. D to be elected President of the Orthopaedic Research Society and in 2000, he became the founding chair of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Columbia University. Van C. Mow (1939 b), was one of the earliest researchers in the field of biomechanics. He has published over 315 fulllength peer-reviewed, archival papers and book chapters, has delivered over 400 podium presentations at bioengineering meetings, and he has delivered over 450 invited seminars, keynote, plenary and distinguished named lectures in orthopaedic biomechanics. His papers have been cited over 27, 000 times and he has an h-index of 91 as of April 19, 2014. His work on the biphasic and triphasic theories for soft-hydrated and charged biological tissues, co-authored with W. M. Lai, are two of the most highly cited bioengineering papers in the world. Nominated by: Dr Philip Riches

Professor Micheline Gagnon Université of Montréal Micheline Gagnon obtained her Master’s and Ph. D degrees in Biomechanics at Pennsylvania State University. She joined the Department of Kinesiology of University of Montreal in 1969. She is best known for her contributions to Occupational Biomechanics that started in 1981 in a research team supported of the IRSST. She developed an occupational biomechanics lab to analyse occupational tasks in conditions closely replicating those found in the field while keeping the lab standards of low error. This made results more applicable to injury prevention in real life. This approach involved methodological developments such as a very large custom-design force plate that did not constrain subjects’ feet position. She worked with patient handling by nurses, manual material handling, and arguably most importantly compared strategies used by novices and experts in manual material handling in which she challenged then current guidelines to bend the knees and keep the spine straight for safe lifting. The results of her rigorous studies were used to redesign guidelines for safe lifting. Several of her doctoral graduates are now continuing and expanding her work in Québec. Professor Gagnon was also active in the Biomechanics community. She organised the first NACOB (North American Congress of Biomechanics) held in Montreal in 1986 as the Chair for CSB. She served on the Executive of CSB several years and was President in 1986 -1988. She also sat on ISB Executive Council for several mandates. Her contributions to Biomechanics were recognized by the Canadian Society of Biomechanics (CSB) and she received the CSB Career Award in 2000 and became CSB Fellow. . Nominated by: Professor Geneviève A. Dumas, Ph. D, PEng,

Étienne-Jules Marey He adopted and further developed animated photography into a separate field of chronophotography in the 1880 s. His revolutionary idea was to record several phases of movement on one photographic surface. Marey hoped to merge anatomy and physiology. To better understand his chronophotographic images, he compared them with images of the anatomy, skeleton, joints, and muscles of the same species. Étienne-Jules Marey (French: [maʁɛ]; 5 March 1830, Beaune, Côte-d'Or – 21 May 1904, Paris) was a French scientist, physiologist and chronophotographer. His work was significant in the development of cardiology, physical instrumentation, aviation, cinematography and the science of laboratory photography. He is widely considered to be a pioneer of photography and an influential pioneer of the history of cinema. He was also a pioneer in establishing a variety of graphical techniques for the display and interpretation of quantitative data from physiological measurement. Marey started by studying blood circulation in the human body. Then he shifted to analyzing heart beats, respiration, muscles (myography), and movement of the body. To aid his studies he developed many instruments for precise measurements. Marey's chronophotographic gun was made in 1882, this instrument was capable of taking 12 consecutive frames a second, and the most interesting fact is that all the frames were recorded on the same picture. Marey studied human locomotion. He published another book Le Mouvement in 1894. Marey also made movies. They were at a high speed (60 images per second) and of excellent image quality. His research on how to capture and display moving images helped the emerging field of cinematography. His last great work was the observation and photography of smoke trails. This research was partially funded by Samuel Pierpont Langley under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, after the two met in Paris at the Exposition Universelle (1900). In 1901 he was able to build a smoke machine with 58 smoke trails. It became one of the first aerodynamic wind tunnels. Nominated by: ISB

Prof Roger Enoka University of Colorado Dr. Born and raised in New Zealand he received his education from the University of Otago, Christchurch Teachers College in New Zealand. He then received his MS (1976) and Ph. D (1981) from the University of Washington. Professor Roger Enoka is a professor in the Department of Integrative Physiology at the University of Colorado, Boulder. He previously held positions Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and the Department of Physiology at the University of Arizona. Roger's research focusses on the neurophysiology of movement. Nominated by:

Prof Kai-Nan An, Ph. D. Mayo Clinic, USA Professor An graduated from National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan, majoring in Mechanical Engineering, Phi. Tau-Phi, Scholastic Honorary Society. He received Ph. D. from Lehigh University in Applied Mechanics. Dr. An joined the Mayo staff 1978, and has received recognition and numerous awards for his research activities, including the Neer Award from the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgery in 1985 and 1992, the Research Award from the American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine in 1986, the Kappa Delta Award from the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons in 1984, the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine Research Award in 1985, 1986 and 1989, and the Distinguished Alumnus Award, National Cheng-Kung University in 1996. He was named Distinguished Visiting Professor at National University of Singapore in 1998, received the You-Li Chou Medal from Taiwanese Society of Biomechanics in 2003, the Borelli Award from the American Society of Biomechanics in 2005, the Mayo Distinuished Investigator Award in 2005, and was named a Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 2007. He delivered the Wartenweiler Memorial Lecture, International Society of Biomechanics in 2007, and received recognition in 2010 for the Ian Kelly Best Paper Award from the International Congress on Shoulder & Elbow Surgery, as well as the Emanuel Kaplan Award for Anatomical Excellence from the New York Society for Surgery of the Hand/American Society for Surgery of the Hand. He was a co-author on the paper receiving the prestigious CORR-ORS Richard A. Brand Award in February 2014, and will be presented the Muybridge Award from the International Society of Biomechanics in July 2015. Dr. An’s research interests include biomechanics, biomaterials, imaging, wheelchair propulsion, orthopedics and rehabilitation. He has been awarded numerous grants from NIH and industry, and his collaboration with other institutions stretches across the globe, most recently to Asia and Europe. Doctor An has served on numerous boards and panels in the research arena, including many study sections and review panels for the NIH. He was the Chair for the Division of Orthopedic Research from 1993 -2004. He served as the Director of the Biomechanics Laboratory from 1992 until his recent retirement in December, 2014. Dr. and his late wife, Suei-Ching, have two daughters, Dr. Ting. Wen An Lee and Dr. Ming-Wen An Wissmann. Doctor An enjoys bible study, sports and drawing. Nominated by: Professor Chunfeng Zhao Department of orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic.

Professor Antonio C. S. Guimarães Federal Uni of Rio Grande do Sul Prof. Guimarães (or ] “Tony” as he was known by his overseas friends or “Guima” by his Brazilian friends) was born in Porto Alegre on August 23 rd 1952 and died tragically when a car hit him on October 22 nd 2005, while riding his bicycle. Tony was one of the first biomechanists in Brazil. He received his B. Sc. in Physical Education from the School of Physical Education of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, in Porto Alegre. After graduating, Tony went to the University of Iowa where he received his Master’s degree under the supervision of Prof. James Hay in 1982. Tony returned to Brazil and taught Biomechanics from 1982 to 1989. In 1989, Tony went to the University of Calgary to pursue doctoral research under the supervision of Prof. Walter Herzog. After his doctoral work, he once again returned to Brazil and started to work in the area of Sports Biomechanics. Aside from his contributions to research and the education and supervision of numerous students, Tony was instrumental in founding the Brazilian Society of Biomechanics and the 1 st and 9 th Brazilian Congress of Biomechanics. Tony was the leader of an ambitious effort to organize an ISB Congress in Brazil, which we were able to achieve in 2013. But above all, Tony was a kind and generous mentor, teacher, colleague and friend who made friends wherever he went. Because of his talent in dealing with people and understanding their problems and needs, he became involved in administration and served as the Dean of our Faculty from 1997 to 2000. Just before his death, he was the Associate Rector of Extension Programs for the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, and as with everything in life, he enjoyed this new challenge and tackled it with fierce ambition. Among his numerous duties and responsibilities, he also served as an ad hoc consultant for several Research Agencies and journal. Tony also held a Visiting Professorship at the University of Porto in Portugal, where he taught graduate courses on electromyography for many years. Tony was outspoken and had strong believes, but he was fair thus gained the respect of scientists around the world. He faced every challenge with a big smile and encouraged his students to go beyond where he had gone, and their achievements were his proudest memories. In 2005, they received the Brazilian Sports Merit Medal, the highest distinction given by the President of Brazil for individuals who made great contributions to the development of sports in the countr. Nominated by: Professor Marco Aurélio Vaz & Professor Felipe P Carpes

Prof. Aurelio Cappozzo University of Rome Aurelio Cappozzo is a M. Sc. in Electronic Engineering (Polytechnic of Milan) and a Ph. D. in Bioengineering (University of Strathclyde, Glasgow), currently full professor in Bioengineering and director of the Interuniversity Centre of Bioengineering of the Human Neuromusculoskeletal System at the University of Rome “Foro Italico”, and faculty member of the Bioengineering doctorate program of the University of Bologna. Former vice-president of the European Society of Biomechanics, president of the International Society of Biomechanics and of the Italian Society for Clinical Movement Analysis. Professor Cappozzo has always been passionate about rigorous understanding and description of the principles of human movement. Throughout his career, he contributed to the human movement analysis community by devising methods and protocols to improve the insight into human motor function and, in parallel, proposing simple and creative approaches to unveil the secrets of human motor capacity. His activity in various fields of interest, such as muscle physiology, posturography, clinical applications of movement analysis, lower limb prostheses, biomechanics of abled body human locomotion, of the human joints, of the spine and of sports, aside with a contribution to digital intermediality, is testified by more than 100 publications on international journals, often result of his meticulous care devoted to divulgate focused and exhaustive contributions, and by the co -editorship of five books. He has always spent his attitude in teaching both in a continuous effort to organize state of the art knowledge and in disseminating it to a wide community of students and colleagues. Aside from his institutional teaching accomplishments as Full Professor, he is involved in conferences or courses as invited speaker, some five times a year, and he is often promoter of seminars or workshops His role as reference figure in the field of biomechanics is further testified by his being past or present member of six International Editorial Boards of biomechanics-related Journals, of the Steering Committee of the World Congresses in Biomechanics and of the Executive Councils of the International and European Society of Biomechanics and of the Italian Society for Clinical Movement Analysis. He contributed to research in the field of Biomechanics by devising methods and protocols that improved the insight into human motor function and by proposing simple and effective approaches to assess human motor capacity. His intense editorial activity includes the co-editorship of five books and the associate editorship of the Journal of Biomechanics. Nominated by: Valentina Camomilla, Giuseppe Vannozzi, Elena Bergamini, Andrea Cereatti, Claudia Mazzà, Ugo della Croce. Zimi Sawacha

Professor Peter A. Huijing Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam He has worked for more than 30 years at the interface of muscle physiology, anatomy and biomechanics, with primary research interests in fundamental aspects of form-function relation of muscles, force transmission from muscle as well as processes of adaptation ranging from the molecular level to whole muscle. Biomechanical modeling has always played an important role in addition to his experimental work. In recent years his work has been applied particularly within the fields of surgery of the locomotor system and rehabilitation. . Professor Peter A. Huijing holds a degree in Physical Education from the Academy of Physical Education in Amsterdam the Netherlands, as well as a Ph. D. in Physiology from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA. He has a dual appointment at the Faculteit Bewegingswetenschappen of the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam and the Department of Biomechanical Engineering at Twente University at Enschede, The Netherlands. Nominated by: Prof H Maas

Prof Mimi Koehl University of California, Berkeley Dr. Mimi Koehl graduated from Gettysburg College with a B. A. in Biology, and Duke University with a Ph. D. in Zoology. She was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, and at the University of York. Mimi is a marine biologist and Professor at University of California, Berkeley. She studies the physics of how organisms interact with their environments. Nominated by: ISB

Prof. Benno M. Nigg University of Calgary In 1976, Professor Nigg became Director of the Biomechanics Laboratory at the ETH (Zürich), a position he held, with distinction, until 1981, when he was recruited to the University of Calgary to be Director of the Human Performance Laboratory (HPL) and Professor of Kinesiology, Medicine, and Engineering. Why would a leading scientist at one of the world’s elite institutions come to a fledgling university like Calgary? According to Prof. Nigg, two things convinced him: the shared vision of what the HPL could become and the freedom to build and create something special. From nothing but a “…roomful of fantastic ideas”, Prof. Nigg was the catalyst for the creation of what international experts have labeled as the “best in the world” and “gold standard” in sport and applied sport medicine biomechanics. His vision was that the HPL would solve “real problems, ” the kind of problems that only teams of scientists from a variety of disciplines could solve. He was a pioneer in interdisciplinary research that has, literally, affected tens of millions of people participating in sport and exercise around the world. Stimulated by Prof. Nigg’s rigorous and innovative research, revolutionary transformations have happened in our understanding of human locomotor interactions between the lower extremity and footwear during walking, running, and sport activities. His array of honors include: Honorary Member of ISB (in which he served as President and received the Muybridge Medal and Clinical Biomechanics Award), Member of the IOC Medical Commission, Corresponding Fellow of the Swiss Academy of Medical Science, Fellow of the Canadian Society of Biomechanics, and honorary doctorates from University of Salzburg and University of Innsbruck. He is an outstanding and influential leader and has had an enormous impact and enduring legacy as a mentor for sport biomechanics scholars and trainees from more than 14 countries around the world. The center currently houses 180 faculty, staff and researchers working on micro- and macroscopic approaches to gain a better understanding of movement, exercise and sport. Dr. Nigg’s research concentrates on human locomotion with main emphasis on mobility and longevity and its application to movement related products such as orthoses, shoe insoles, sport shoes, sport surfaces and sport equipment. Dr. Nigg has collaborated with many major sport shoe and sport surface companies, some of which refer to him as the godfather of biomechanics. Dr. Nigg has received many awards and recognitions, including the Olympic Order, honorary degrees from the Universities of Salzburg and Innsbruck and an honorary professorship from the Shanghai University of Sport. Nominated by: Professors Walter Herzog & Ron Zernicke Jennifer Baltich, Hendrik Enders, Stefan Hoerzer, Maurice Mohr, Professor Darren Stefanyshyn

Prof. Jürg Wartenweiler University of Zürich 1967: Organiser of the first international seminar on biomechanics. 1973: Foundation of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB), Prof. J. Wartenweiler first president. 1976: unexpected death of Prof. J. Wartenweiler. The Wartenweiler Memorial Lecture is given to honor Prof. Jürg Wartenweiler (1915 -1976), first President of the ISB, who organized the First International Seminar on Biomechanics in Zürich, Switzerland (1967). 1961 First paper from J. Wartenweiler and M. Bieri: "Untersuchungen der Mechanik menschlicher Bewegungen" (investigations on the mechanics of human locomotion), Helvetica Physica Acta, XXXIV, Fasciculus octavus. (Wartenweiler_1961) Prof. J. Wartenweiler established a research group in biomechanics, starting their activities in his huge office in the main building of ETH Zurich. Nominated by:

Prof Rik Huiskes Eindhoven University of Technology Rik Huiskes gained his MSc (1974) and Ph. D (1979) degrees from the Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands. In 1985 he was appointed full Professor in musculoskeletal biomechanics and Director of the Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory at the University of Nijmegen. In 2001 he became a full-time professor of Biomedical Engineering at Eindhoven University of Technology, and a part-time professor at the Dept. of Orthopedics of the Medical Faculty, University of Maastricht. Rik was an Academy Professor of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, and was a member of the USA National Academy of Engineers. He was the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Biomechanics for 30 years. Rik’s research interests included bone remodelling, osteoporosis, mechanobiology, and joint and ligament replacement. Rik passed away in 2010. Nominated by: ISB

Prof Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky The Pennsylvania State University It is very hard to give justice to all the important contributions of Prof. Zatsiorsky to biomechanics in a single nomination letter. When Prof. Zatsiorsky joined the area of sport science, this area was dominated by imprecise formulations and poorly controlled experimental studies. Following traditions set by a great scientist N. A. Bernstein, Prof. Zatsiorsky nearly single-handedly turned movement studies into an exact science. He dedicated his whole professional life to this goal, and the current state of the field of biomechanics owes a great deal of gratitude to his efforts. During his work in Moscow, Prof. Zatsiorsky performed many classical studies including those related to in vivo determination of the mass-inertial properties of the human body segments with gamma-scanning technique, the problem of inverse dynamics for human walking and running using a three-dimensional full-body model, mechanical energy expenditure, issues of muscle properties and muscle work, and biomechanics of different sports. His nine books originally published in Russian have been translated into a dozen of languages. After the emigration to the USA, Prof. Zatsiorsky started an absolutely new line of research that integrates biomechanics and motor control to address one of the most notorious problems in movement science, the problem of motor redundancy. He focused on the human hand as the main object of study, an object of exceptional complexity and functional versatility. He has contributed significantly to this field by publishing > 170 papers over the past 20 years. Most active researchers in the field of biomechanics are either direct or indirect students of Prof. Zatsiorsky. His books Kinematics of Human Motion (1998), Kinetics of Human Motion (2002), and Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles (2012) have become a high-level encyclopaedia of biomechanics and are used in many universities around the world as the main textbooks for graduate courses. Overall, Prof. Zatsiorsky supervised the dissertations of over 70 graduate students and published over 500 papers. Prof. Zatsiorsky is definitely a Hero of Biomechanics and, I believe, he should be recognized by the International Society of Biomcechanics. Nominated by: Mark Latash, Ph. D. , Distinguished Professor

Professor Paavo V Komi University of Jyväskylä Professor Paavo Komi obtained his Ph. D from Penn State University in 1969. What followed was a long and illustrious career spanning over 5 decades. Through his early work with EMG, and particularly his studies of the utilisation of stored elastic energy, Prof. Komi quickly realised the need to get a closer look at muscle function by measuring forces directly. After promising trials with animals, Prof. Komi adapted an E-form force transducer for use in human tendons. The transducer was implanted around the Achilles tendon under local anesthesia, kept in situ for 7 days, and in theory, recordings could be made on the 8 th day. Unsurprisingly, Prof. Komi sacrificed himself as one of the first test subjects for this new method. Unfortunately, no data were ever collected from him, because after 7 days of excruciating pain, Prof. Komi eventually persuaded the surgeon to remove the transducer. Fortunately, experiences like this only strengthened his resolve, and his group subsequently developed the so-called buckle transducer. This device allowed data to be collected within 2 -3 hours of surgery, and ultimately provided the first in vivo muscle force data from common movements such as walking, running and even long jumping. In later years, the method was further refined, and replaced by an optic fibre technique that was far less intrusive for the volunteers. Aside from his pioneering work with in vivo force measures, Prof. Komi has made vital contributions to our understanding in various areas of biomechanics, including the stretch-shortening cycle, responses to and recovery from fatigue, and muscle-tendon interaction. He also performed some of the earliest field-based research in sports biomechanics, having collected data during various international ski jumping competitions. Prof. Komi is a past president of ISB and Muybridge Award winner, and his group hosted the ISB congress twice, in 1975 and 1995. His long list of achievements also includes an Olympic Order Award from the IOC, as well as 7 honorary doctorates. Nominated by: Professor Janne Avela, Professor Taija Finni, Professor Vesa Linnamo, Dr. Neil Cronin

Prof Malcolm H. Pope Michigan State University Dr. Professor Pope was Born in London in 1941, he earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Southall College, London, in 1962, and a master's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Bridgeport, Conn. in 1969. He received his doctorate in biomechanics from the University of Vermont in 1972 and Dr. Med. Sc. in medical science from Gothenburg University, Goteborg, Sweden in 1990. He has held faculty positions at the University of Vermont, University of Iowa, University of Aberdeen, and Michigan State University. His other honors include Fellow of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Arthroscopy Association O'Connor Award, and the Borelli Award from the American Society of Biomechanics. His research focuses on spine biomechanics. Nominated by: ISB

Professor Julie Steele University of Wollongong, Julie’s primary area of research expertise is developing innovative strategies, based on rigorous applied biomechanics research, to decrease injury potential and optimise the quality of life for individuals across the age spectrum. Her research initially focused on mechanisms of lower extremity dysfunction during activities of daily living and recreation. This research included mechanisms of knee ligament injury and innovative injury prevention strategies, effects of obesity and ageing on lower limb structure and function with implications for footwear design, and human biomonitoring applications of intelligent fabrics. In the mid 1990’s she pioneered a unique extension of the injury prevention research program to investigate the biomechanics of breast health. The ultimate objective of her research in this field is to develop effective strategies to ensure that females, irrespective of age, health status, breast size or activity level, can enjoy the health benefits associated with regular participation in physical activity without incurring bra-related discomfort. During her career she has received numerous awards including the F. E. Johnson Memorial Fellowship for Outstanding Achievement by an Established Researcher in the Field of Sports Medicine awarded under the NSW (Australia) Sport Safety Award Scheme. Furthermore, her capacity to translate high quality research into commercial outcomes was acknowledged by the receipt of the highly competitive 2005 Telstra NSW Business Woman of the Year award. She was nominated based on her outstanding leadership of the Biomechanics Research Laboratory (BRL) while simultaneously providing leadership in national and international executive positions and the commercialisation of her innovative research work. Julie has been heavily involved in ISB, most notably serving as President (2009 -2011), and giving a keynote address at the 2005 International Society of Biomechanics Congress, Ohio, USA, on the topic of “intelligent” fabrics for bra designs. Julie continues to champion biomechanics across a spectrum of disciplines, by developing collaborations with chemists, textile designers and engineers, to pursue novel wearable technologies, for the purpose of decreasing injury. Nominated by: Karen Mickle, Sheridan Gho and Andrea Hemmerich

Prof Savio L-Y. Woo University of Pittsburgh Savio L-Y. Woo, Ph. D, DSc, DEng, is a Distinguished University Professor, and the Director of the internationally renowned Musculoskeletal Research Center (MSRC) which he founded at the University of Pittsburgh. In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the field of biomechanics, he has been inducted into the Institute of Medicine (USA), National Academy of Engineering (USA), Academia Sinica (ROC) and the IOC Olympic Academy of Sports Science. Many professional societies have bestowed upon Dr. Woo their highest societal honors including the Wartenweiler Memorial Lecture (1987) and Muybridge Medal (1995) from the International Society of Biomechanics. Dr. Woo’s renowned scholarly work in biomechanics has significantly impacted the field of healthcare. His comprehensive work of the nonlinear viscoelasticity and mechanical properties of biological tissues is regarded revolutionary in sports medicine. His in-depth investigation of the complex function of knee ligaments is unparalleled. He pioneered the "Controlled Motion is Good" movement in rehabilitation based on his discovery that stress and motion positively affect healing and repair of soft tissues, thereby accelerating injury recovery. Dr. Woo’s research and teaching has altered the fundamental ways in which physicians and surgeons treat sports-related injuries. Dr. Woo has also led the way in the use of robotic technology and computer modeling to study joint mechanics, and the effect of ligament injury on joint function, assisting in surgical planning and predicting the success of surgical techniques. More recently, Dr. Woo has advanced functional tissue engineering involving bioscaffolds for the regeneration of injured ligaments and tendons, with a particular focus on the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee. Further, he is leading the effort of using degradable biometallic materials to regenerate ligaments and tendons that have been severely injured during sport activities. Dr. Woo’s passion for education and research has resulted in 303 journal articles, 135 book chapters, over 780 abstracts, and more than 850 lectures on five continents. He has edited 11 books and 17 conference proceedings, and educated over 150 Post-Doctoral Fellows from every corner of the world. His work has guided thousands of doctors who practice orthopaedic sports medicine, which has benefited millions of people. He sets extremely high standards in all of his endeavors and he serves as an outstanding mentor to biomechanists worldwide. Nominated by: Zong-Ming Li

Professor Richard Nelson Penn State University As president he worked hard to increase the international engagement in the society, in particular with Eastern Europe. While biomechanics and the ISB gained so much from Dick’s role on the ISB Executive Council in the society’s first 10 years, in 1983 Dick wrote with typical humility, “It has been a most rewarding and gratifying experience to serve as an Officer of the ISB throughout its first ten years. I am looking forward to my continued participation in the activities of the Society. ” Richard Nelson (Dick) received his undergraduate degree from St. Olaf College in 1954 and then served in the US Air Force where he rose to the rank of First Lieutenant. In 1957 he earned a master’s degree from the University of Houston, and in 1960 received his Ph. D. from the Michigan State University. From 1960 to 1964 he was an Assistant Professor at the University of Maryland, before moving to Penn State University where he achieved the rank of Professor in 1970. At Penn State he founded the Biomechanics Laboratory and was active in training many graduate students. Dick was the second president of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB), he served as president from 1977 to 1982. He was also the co-organizer of the 1973 Congress, the site of the formation of the society. Dick continued to attend ISB Congresses for the next 20 years until ill health precluded such involvement. Indeed Dick stepped-up once again to help the society when he served as treasurer from 1987 to 1989. At the XVIII ISB Congress in 2001 in Zurich Dick delivered the Wartenweiler Memorial Lecture. . Nominated by: Prof J Challis

Prof Y. C. Fung University of California, San Diego His work also extended into microcirculation, blood cell rheology, and constitutive modelling of biologic tissues. During the 1980 s, Fung produced three seminal books on biomechanics, now classics in the field with worldwide acceptance. In 1988, Fung introduced the new concept of "tissue engineering". Since his retirement from the University of California in 1991, Fung has remained an active contributor to the field. Most recently, he proposed using the basic laws of mechanics to analyse biologic growth and possibly even the aging process. Yuan-Cheng Bert Fung is recognized as having two exceptional careers and as a key contributor to the diverse engineering fields of aeroelasticity and biomechanics. Fung was born in China in 1919. He began his career in the field of aeronautics, receiving bachelor’s and master's degrees in that field from the Central University of China in 1941 and 1943, respectively. In 1958 while a professor of aeronautics, Fung began a dramatic change in careers. Applying his earlier experience, Fung began work in the just-emerging field of biomechanics. In 1966, he resigned his aeronautics chair at Caltech and moved to the University of California at San Diego to initiate a program in bioengineering. Fung's work introduced totally new concepts, particularly in the area of pulmonary mechanics, helping to motivate many new investigations in the field. Nominated by: Dr Phil Riches

Eur Eng Professor John P Paul University of Strathclyde Biomechanics at Strathclyde began in the early 1960 s with the pioneering work of Professor John Paul. John, a Mechanical Engineering Lecturer at the time, was approached by the Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery in Glasgow, to help improve joint implants so they “did not keep breaking”. John initially thought this would be a simple task but it became a lifelong enterprise. Prof. Paul built the original 3 D motion system at Strathclyde, using three cine sixteen video cameras. He hand-digitized every frame to locate markers, calculated 3 D marker positions with pen and paper, and used two early force plates to calculate the kinematics and kinetics of human movement for the hip and knee during gait. Something this generation of movement scientists can only marvel at. D In the early 70 s, the cine cameras were replaced with the newly developed “TV”cameras. Hand identification of markers and calculation of forces and moments, was slowly computerised by a succession of John’s students. Through this work, Strathclyde considers itself to have helped give birth to Vicon. The Strathclyde Biomechanics group played a full and active part in the subsequent history of biomechanics. They contributed valuable research work over the years, which lead to the references often made in our field of the “Strathclyde” mafia, as former students of the group have become known. These developments were overseen by Professor Paul and recently by Professor Sandy Nicol, another huge contributor to our field. Prof Paul was a past president of ISB and Muybridge Award winner. His research on hip loading, implant design and wear revolutionised Hip Joint Arthroplasty and the wear test cycle for these implants still bears his name. Born June 26 1927, died November 13 2013 Nominated by: Prof P Rowe

Prof Gunnar Andersson Rush Uni Medical Center, Chicago D. He has received the Kappa Delta Award from the AAOS/ORS, the Freedom of Movement Award from the Arthritis Foundation and is a recipient of the Trustee Medal from Rush University Medical Center. Dr. Gunnar B. J. Andersson is the The Ronald L. De. Wald, M. D. Professor and Chairman Emeritus of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery at Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois. Dr. Andersson received his M. D. from the University of Göteborg, Sweden in 1967; and obtained a Ph. D. in medical science at the University of Göteborg in 1974. After a fellowship at the London Hospital, he joined the faculty at the University of Göteborg for 10 years. In 1985, he moved to the United States and the Rush University Medical Center as professor of orthopedic surgery. His clinical area of interest is spine (neck and back), while his research interests are disc degeneration, epidemiology and occupational biomechanics. Dr. Andersson has received many awards and honors including the Muybridge Medal, the ISSLS Stryker Spine Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Society for the Study of the Lumbar Spine Nominated by: ISB

Christian Wilhelm Braune (1831 – 1892) He studied at the universities of Göttingen and Würzburg. In 1872, he became professor of topographical anatomy at the University of Leipzig. [1] Braune was inspired by the photographic work of French scientist Étienne-Jules Marey (1830– 1904) involving anatomical movement. Marey believed that movement was the most important of all human functions, which he described graphically for biological research in Du mouvement dans les fonctions de la vie (1892) and Le Mouvement (1894). Theses works helped lead the way towards Braune's experimental, anatomical studies of the human gait, being published in the book Der Gang des Menschen (co-written with physiologist Otto Fischer 1861– 1917). [2] Braune's study of biomechanics of gait covered two transits of free walking and one transit of walking with a load. The methodology of gait analysis used by Braune is essentially the same used today. With Otto Fischer, he conducted research involving the position of the center of gravity in the human body and its various segments. By first determining the planes of the "gravitational centers" of the longitudinal, sagittal and frontal axes of a frozen human cadaver in a given position, and then dissecting the cadaver with a saw, they were able to establish the center of gravity of the body and its component parts. Braune and Fischer also did extensive work on the fundamentals of resistive forces that the body's muscles need to overcome during movement. In unrelated investigative work, Braune had a decisive role in the publication of the musical pieces composed by Frederick the Great of Prussia. [3] Braune was son-in-law to German physician Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795– 1878). . . Nominated by: ISB