Similarities and differences between First and second Generation

Similarities and differences between First and second Generation Muslim Empires First Generation: Umayyad, Abbasid and Delhi Sultanate Second Generation: Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal

Similarities • Problems of succession • Warrior Aristocracy • Divided Population • Creative Culture where learning was emphasized

Differences • Earlier ones enjoyed monopoly on trade • Later empires had substantial land based militaries • Later empires began losing edge to Europeans

The Mughal Empire

I. ORIGINS • Key Ruler: Babur (1500 s) –Moved into N. India –Gunpowder –Islam

II. Empire Building • Key ruler: Akbar – Defeated remaining Indian armies –Consolidated rule –Improved conditions of women *Child Marriages ended –Economic boom— Famed Cotton –Blending of Culture: Indian and Persian –Policy of Peace between Hindus & Muslims

Policy of Peace between Hindus & Muslims • Govt. Jobs to Hindus • Religious tolerance • Permitted intermarriage: Akbar takes a Hindu wife • Ended Jizya—Special tax on Hindus

III. Apex of Achievement • Key rulers: Jahangir & Shah Jahin –Military conquests and expansion –Capital moves to Delhi –Series of cultural achievements –Red Fort and Taj Mahal –Beginning of the end…Twilight –Draining of the Treasury

Re growth of cities Contact w/ each other through textile trade (cotton) Same time period: 1500 and 1600 s Trade facilitated achievement

Venice & Florence Revival of Greek/ Roman heritage Merchants served as patron of the arts Secular art Moved ahead of India in science Apex – sculpture & art (Da Vinci & Michelangelo Delhi & Agra Blending of Indian/ Persian influences Rulers were patron of the arts Connected Art/Religion Fell behind Europe in science Apex – architecture (Taj Mahal & Red Fort)

Taj Mahal Red Fort Akbar Style-blending of Persian/Indian influences

IV. Decline • Key ruler: Aurangzeb –Control all India –Purify Islam –Reverse female gains –Military drains treasury –Internal revolts –vulnerable