Signal coding Definitions Types of coding schemes Inferring
- Slides: 28
Signal coding • • Definitions Types of coding schemes Inferring sender and receiver coding Signal function and coding
Conflict resolution example
Signal definitions
Assumptions • Senders produce signals in order to provide honest (accurate) information to receivers – Dishonest signalling will be considered in the third section of the course • Communication involves signal production, transmission, and reception. All three processes influence the accuracy of any coding scheme
Coding matrix Probability of giving a signal in each condition. Sender matrix must be similar to Receiver matrix for communication to occur.
Coding conventions • None - all probabilities equal • Perfect - each signal coocurs with each condition • Imperfect – Specific - one signal per condition, but conditions may not be discriminable – Unique - one or more signals per condition
Reasons for imperfect coding • Sender – Errs in assessment of condition – Mistakenly assigns signals to conditions • Receiver – Signal is modified by transmission – Errs in identifying signal – Has not yet learned correct signal
Coding schemes • Codes require signal diversity • Variation can be created by – Modifying signal element attributes • Sound: amplitude, frequency, duration • Light: color, size, location – Combining signal elements in series • Signal elements must be perceptually distinct
Hierarchical syntax
Stereotypy Stereotypic signals may represent constraints on senders
Coding options
Coding scheme examples
Iconic aggressive signals
Inferring sender coding schemes • For discrete conditions and discrete signals, use contingency table analysis • For discrete conditions and continuous signals, use discriminant function analysis • For continuous signals and uncertain conditions, use clustering or principle component analysis
Phyllostomus hastatus
Females form stable groups
Departing bats give screech calls Bouts of screech calling often coincide with group departures
Calling rate and diet varies with season
Calling females recruit group mates
Groups have distinct calls
Inferring receiver coding schemes • Determine how receiver categorizes the set of signal variants – In captivity, present alternative forms to determine which are perceived as same or different using habituation-dishabituation expt or operant conditioning paradigm • Determine which condition is associated with each category by the receiver
Females can discriminate group mates by call
Compound coding schemes • Combination mapping – Combining information into a single signal can save energy and reduce exposure • Parameter mapping – Body size covaries with pitch, energy reserves covaries with calling rate • Hierarchical mapping – Mean differences denote group, individual differences denote individual
Tamarin group calls
Signal ontogeny • Heritable • Favored when coding scheme is predictable, e. g. individual or kinship differences • Learned – Individual or trial-and-error – Social • Critical period vs. open-ended • Believed to be faster and avoids costly errors
Females learn to match calls Group 1 Group 2 Before 5 months after move
Signal function and coding • Binary assignment – E. g. sex labels – need only 2 signals, can be heritable • Binary recognition – need many signals – decide own vs other
Signal function and coding • Binary comparison - often continuous signals – opponent fighting ability, threshold mate choice, best-of-n mate choice • Manifold decisions – Iconic rule - Honeybee language – pairwise associations
- Contoh open coding axial coding selective coding
- Contoh axial coding
- Signal encoding techniques in data communication
- Types of rhyme schemes in afrikaans
- Character traits for the giver
- What is inferring
- What is inference
- Inferring rudimentary rules
- Making inferences is reading between the lines
- Make inferences based on your observations
- Inferring
- Example of mood
- What is a cladogram
- Inferring networks of diffusion and influence
- Baseband signal and bandpass signal
- Baseband signal and bandpass signal
- Digital signal as a composite analog signal
- Classification of signal
- History of qualitative research
- Coding dna and non coding dna
- What are different types of irony
- New and navigation schemes selection of window
- Punter drills
- Scheme scheme plot plot
- Abab rhyme scheme
- Packaging color schemes
- Disney colour wheel
- Library of congress classification
- Shield punt formation