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Sigmund Freud 1856 -1939 v Father of psychoanalysis v Aim in life: “agitate the sleep of mankind” v Founded new field of psychology, creating new, scientific conception of the individual v

Freud’s Biography v v Born in May 6, 1856, in Moravian town of Freiberg, then a part of Austro-Hungarian empire (today: a part of Czech Republic) Family was full of “complexity and confusion” which gave him significant material for his psychological theories Family settled in Vienna 1860 Encouraged to think grandly, earned top rank in class year after year

Professional Life Entered University of Vienna to study medicine at 17 years old v Publication of The Interpretation of Dreams and Psychopathology of Everyday Life inspired in part by the death of his father v Beyond the Pleasure Principle and The Ego and the Id, inspired by death of his daughter Sophie v

Became a household name v Underwent painful surgery for cancer in 1923 v Rest of his life was marked by pain and discomfort v

Freud’s Final Years Remained in Vienna as Hitler rose to power and Anti-Semitism swept Europe v After 1938 invasion of Vienna, with numerous international interventions, Freud emigrated with wife and youngest daughter to Paris, then London v Continued to write, until on September 23, 1939, he demanded a lethal dose of morphine from his physician v

Freud’s Division of the Mind Freud understood the mind as constantly in conflict with itself v Primary cause of this conflict is human anxiety and unhappiness v Classic example: patient Anna O v

Patient Anna O. v v v Displayed rash of psychological and physiological symptoms: assorted paralyses, coughing, speech disorders, etc. Under hypnosis, Freud traced many of these symptoms to memories when she was nursing her dying father Ex: nervous dry cough--upon hearing dance music from neighbor’s house, she felt an urge to be there instead of by her father’s bedside. Immediately, she felt guilty and felt self-reproach. She covered internal conflict with a nervous cough and reflexively coughed at the sound of rhythmic music.

Notes on conscious, preconscious, unconscious v v v Conscious: what you are aware of at any particular moment: your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, feelings Preconscious: works closely with conscious, “available memory, ” anything that can easily be made conscious Unconscious: all things that are not easily available to awareness--instincts, drives, traumas. Source of our motivations; often driven to deny or resist becoming conscious of these motives; made available in disguised form

Division of the mind v Freud’s investigations into internal conflict such as this led him to eventual division of the mind into three parts, three conflicting internal tendencies: – Id – Ego – Superego

Divisions are not physical v v v Not a separation of the mind into physical partitions into the brain Not even truly structures Are separate aspects and elements of single structure of mind Function in different levels of consciousness Theory hinges upon ability of impulses or memories to “float” from one level to another Interaction between three functions represents a constant movement of items from one level to another

Id v v v Fully unconscious, full of wishes/instincts, motivational forces As baby emerges from womb into realities of life, only wants to eat, drink, be warm, and has bathroom functions Id demands immediate gratification Ruled by the pleasure principle: demands satisfaction NOW--regardless of circumstances or possible undesirable effects Will not stand for delay of gratification

Ego v v v Mostly conscious Problem solving id’s desire = secondary process, reason Eventual understanding that immediate gratification is usually impossible, and often unwise, comes the formation of the ego Ruled by reality principle: take care of what I need when it is appropriate Acts as go-between suppressing id’s urges until appropriate situation arises with superego

More on the Ego v v v Repression of inappropriate desires and urges represents the greatest strain on, and most important function of, the mind Ego often utilizes defense mechanisms to achieve and aid in repression Ego engages in strategies to fulfill urge appropriately Pragmatic satisfaction of urges eventually builds great number of skills and memories Becomes aware of itself as an entity With formation of ego, individual becomes a self, instead of an amalgamation of urges and needs

Superego v v v Partly conscious Record obstacles and aides in world, rewards and punishments, parent and society’s norms and rules, internal moral judge Ego temporarily represses certain urges of id in fear of punishment, eventually these external sources of punishment are internalized because s/he has taken punishment, right and wrong, into self

More on Superego uses guilt and self-reproach as primary means of enforcement for rules v 7 years old (generally) when this is developed v Some people never develop superego completely v

Recorded in two parts v v 1) Conscience: internalization of punishment and warnings 2) Ego ideal: rewards and positive models Communication to ego: feelings like pride, shame, guilt, etc. Person does something acceptable, feels pride and self-satisfaction

Connection to Lord of the Flies v Find evidence from the book of how Ralph, Piggy, and Jack represent the ego, superego, and id, respectively

One last cartoon v <http: //www. cartoonstock. com/lowres/jdo 0839 l. jpg>