Sigmund Freud THEORY Theories are the essential building

Sigmund Freud THEORY Theories are the essential building blocks necessary for understanding how children grow and develop, and for making decisions about how to support and enhance that development. Sigmund Freud (1856 -1939) lived in Vienna, Austria almost all his life. He was the oldest of seven children and the favorite of his mother. It seems plausible that growing up the eldest favored son in a large family made him especially aware of the intricacies of family. At age of seventeen, he entered the university to pursue a medical career.

Sigmund Freud

Stage 2 Muscular-anal: Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt (eighteen months to three years): 1 - Id: The portion of the mind, which serves as, the source of all wishes and desires. 2 - Ego: It is responsible for dealing with reality and satisfying the needs and desires of the id in a socially appropriate manner. 3 - Superego: The part of the mind which includes a set of principles, violation of which leads to feeling of guilt.

4 - The levels of consciousness: (levels of awareness): * The conscious: it involves one's immediate awareness and comprises only a small portion of total mind. * The preconscious: it comprises memories that can easily become conscious. * The unconscious: it is the portion of the mind that is beyond normal awareness. It shows itself in many ways, for insistence, through dreams and slips of the tongue. 5 - Libido: The energy emanating from the sex instinct. Freud basic theory:

Freud basic theory:

Freud basic theory: Freud believed that libido is the driving force in people's lives. The id of the human psyche, including the conscious and unconscious, controls this sexual energy and releases it through instinctual impulses, reflexes, and impulses. The id job is to bring immediate satisfaction, primary through the erogenous zones of the mouth, anus, and genital organs. This constant drive for pleasure known as pleasure principles.

Freud basic theory: Freud called the mouth "the oral sexual organ". Likewise, adult derive much erogenous pleasure from eating, smoking, chewing gum, sucking on candy and pipes, and sexual relations. Constant pleasure seeking is brought under control by the ego. The ego brings as much pleasure as possible while controlling behavior within the boundaries of societal norms. This restraining process is called "reality principles".

Freud basic theory: Parents have the responsibility for helping children learn right from wrong and developing a moral system that will assist them in governing their actions. The superego develops between 4 -5 of age and becomes the child's conscience of what is right or wrong. Feeling of guilt, shame, and punishment originate from the operation of the superego.

1 - The oral stage (from birth to one year): During the oral stage, physical and psychic energy is directed toward gaining gratification through the mouth. The child achieves pleasure by sucking everything; breast, bottle, thumb, pacifier, blanket, and orally investigating anything placed near his mouth. Loving and consistent caregiver's help children learn to delay gratification of their needs and communicate their needs in socially acceptable ways. Freud believed that weaning and feeding play critical roles in children's lives.

2 - The anal stage (from one to three year): Toilet training is the major developmental task of this period and the libido becomes attached to the anal cavity. The anal stage can be divided into the anal expulsion and the anal-retentive. In the anal expulsion, the child gains pleasure from expelling the body's waste products. In the anal retentive, gratification is obtained from withholding the body's waste product.

3 - The phallic stage: (from three to six): The libido becomes attached to the genital organs, the penis in male and the clitoris in female. According to Freud the boy experiences sexual feeling toward his mother and desire to possess her sexually, (oedipal complex). The girl equivalent to the oedipal complex, in which the girl experiences sexual feelings toward her father and wishes to do away with her mother, (Electra complex).

4 - The latency stage: (from six to twelve): In this stage the boy tends to imitate his father at every turn. Boys have also repressed their feeling toward their mothers, this repression generalize to all female. The sexes appear to segregate, and boys play with boys and girls with girls. Physical and psychic energy are channeled into the acquisition of knowledge and vigorous play.

5 - The genital stage: (age from twelve and over): The emergence of puberty. With its hormonal changes and sexual arousal. The adolescent boy turns his attention to a girlfriend, while the adolescent female seeks a boyfriend. This is the beginning of mature adult sexuality

Criticisms and cautions: Psychoanalytic theory based on Freud's clinical experiences about his troubled patients. So it may be a mistake to base our ideas concerning normal development on this theory. Theory may have more to say about abnormal development than normal development. In addition, Freud's formulations are difficult to test empirically. Finally, Freud's emphasis on sexuality may have grown out of the society in which he lived.

Criticisms and cautions: Erikson theory is difficult to test experimentally. Erikson's theory is rather general and global, and some authorities doubt the existence of all of his stage. Despite these criticisms, Erikson theory offers a convenient way of viewing development through out the life span.