Side effect dependence Photosensitivity Electrolyte imbalance hypertension and
****Side effect: -dependence -Photosensitivity -Electrolyte imbalance( hypertension and hypokalemia) -Colonic atony. -Colonic melanoma. *****Contraindication: Pregnancy Breast feeding women. Children under the age of 12 years old. *****Drug interaction: Other laxative. Cardiac glycoside. Diuretic steroid. Antibiotics. 1
***Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Stomach: partial hydrolysis for O-glycoside. (so large bulk dose is used) Small intestine: Absorption for non-polar; smaller Mwt. Aglycon. Colon: Activation by normal flora for both O- and Cglycoside 2
***Physicochemical properties , -Combined form are soluble in aqueous alcohol and chlorinated solvent. -Free aglycone is soluble in chlorinated solvent and alcohols. -Detection for free anthraquinone is done using borntrager’s test. -Detection for combined anthraquinone and dimmer is done using modified borntrager’s test which uses: -acid and heat to free O-glycoside. -Acid, heat and oxidizing agent to oxidatively cleave C- glycosides. -Heat and oxidizing agent to oxidatively cleave Cglycosides 3 -Quantitation: done on the principle of borntragers
*******Natural source for anthraquinone glycosides: ***Senna: -Botanical source: Leaveas and legumes of: Cassia acutifolia fam. Fabaceae Cassia angustifolia -Chemical structure -Pharmacological activity: 4
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-Aloin A: -A in β-configuration. -B in α-configuration 6 Aloinoside A and B : -A in β-configuration. -B in α-configuration.
Aloinoside A and B: -monoanthrone; Bidesmoside, O-glycosides at C-11 and C- glycoside at C-10. -C-10 chiral centre where C- linkage of r Glucose unit. Rhamnose is the sugar part in β- position at C -11. -Both are enantiomer (mirror image isomer). -Aloin A is enantiomer for Aloin B, it has no sugar at C-11, but has CH 2 OH, so it is monodesmoside. 7
***Rhubarb: -Botanical source: Root of Rheum palmatum plygonaceae. -Chemical structure -Pharmacological activity: Used as laxative and to treat ulceration of oral mucosa. 8
******Flavonoid: -Classification based on: 1 - Degree of oxidation. 2 - Position of Phenolic group 3 -Degree of unsaturation. 9
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