Short Course for the Amateur Radio Technician License
- Slides: 111
Short Course for the Amateur Radio Technician License Element 2 Richie Allen KC 5 NZR kc 5 nzr@arrl. net Sponsored by: Albuquerque Amateur Radio Club
Who is the Amateur Operator? • • History of the Amateur Service Innovations Public Service Real Life Examples 2
Video Amateur Radio Today 3
Course Syllabus (NYT pages 12, 13) T 1 FCC Rules T 2 Operating Procedures T 3 Propagation T 4 Ham Radio Practices T 5 Electrical Principles T 6 Circuit Components T 7 Practical Circuits T 8 Signals and Emissions T 9 Antennas & Feedlines T 0 RF Safety 9 Questions 5 Questions 3 Questions 4 Questions 3 Questions 2 Questions 35 total questions on exam 4
EXAM (element 2) • 35 questions from the question pool in chapter 12 of NYT • Administered by a Volunteer Examiner (VE) team • Test fee $12 as of 1/1/2003 • 1: 00 PM Sunday, right here • Bring: photo ID, second ID, exam fee, pencils, calculator • Your instructor is not a member of the VE team • There are other exam opportunities, but this course is designed to optimize your short term retention of the material 5
License Classes • Technician with code • General • Extra 6
Federal Communications Commission FCC • Governing agency of Amateur Radio • Part 97 Principles of the amateur service • Increase number of trained radio operators • Improve international good will Terms • Amateur Station • Control operator • License grant • License class • License term • Grace period • Form 605 7
Wavelength, Frequency & RF Electromagnetic Spectrum 8
Wavelength, Frequency & RF 9
Wavelength, Frequency & RF 10
11
Frequency Privileges (ITU region 2) VHF, UHF, Microwave (Tech bands) • 6 meters • 2 meters • 1. 25 meters • 70 cm • 33 cm • 23 cm • 13 cm 50. 0 - 54. 0 MHz 144. 0 - 148. 0 MHz 222. 0 - 225. 0 MHz 420. 0 - 450. 0 MHz 902. 0 - 928. 0 MHz 1240. 0 - 1300. 0 MHz 2300 - 2310, 2390 - 2450 MHz 12
Frequency Privileges (ITU region 2) HF (Tech with code) • 80 meters • 40 meters • 15 meters • 10 meters 3675 - 3725 k. Hz 7100 - 7150 k. Hz 21. 100 - 21. 200 MHz 28. 100 - 28. 500 MHz 13
Emission Privileges Basic Emission Types • Phone: AM, SSB, FM • RTTY: direct printing radio telegraphy • Data: Packet (APRS), ASCII • Image: FAX, SSTV, FSTV • CW: Morse Code Another term: CSCE 14
Emission Privileges • HF • 6 meter phone • 2 meter image • 2 meter CW only • 80 meter tech • 7100 - 7150 tech • 28. 1 - 28. 5 MHz • 1. 25 meters • 23 cm • 70 cm image Tech cannot use FM 50. 1 - 54. 0 MHz 144. 1 - 148. 0 MHz 144. 0 - 144. 1 CW only CW, RTTY, DATA all emissions 420 - 450 MHz 15
Emission Privileges 16
More FCC Regulations • Control point • responsible party • your responsibility • control operator • ID requirements • Third party • Broadcasting • Codes, ciphers • One way transmissions • Secondary users • Repeater coordination • Peak Envelope Power • DATA, RTTY rates 17
FCC Regulations (cont) • Space communication • Deceptive signals • More ID requirements • Harmful interference • Beacon stations • Radio control • Emergency communication • Broadcasting • Obscene, Indecent language 18
Operating Procedures • Before transmitting • Emergencies • Using appropriate frequency • Testing a transmitter • Morse code “CQ”, “DE” 19
Operating Procedures (cont) Amateur Repeaters 20
Operating Procedures (cont) Amateur Repeaters 21
Amateur Repeaters Operating Procedures (cont) 22
Operating Procedures (cont) Using a repeater I/O Offsets • Autopatch • Calling • Courtesy tone • Rush hour • Breaking • I/O offset • Time out timer • CTCSS/PL • 2 meter 600 k. Hz • 1. 25 meter 1. 6 MHz • 70 cm 5 MHz • Purpose • Open/Closed • Courtesy 23
Operating Procedures • Simplex • RST • CQ • QSL Card • Full Quieting • Distress Calls • SOS • Mayday • “Break, break!” • Emergency messages • Equipment for emergency 24
Operating Procedures Voice communication ITU Phonetics 25
Operating Procedures Packet Radio 26
Operating Procedures Packet Radio 27
Operating Procedures Digital transmissions • RTTY • “CONNECTED” • “MONITORING” • Digipeater • Network 28
Operating Procedures • CW & SSB on HF • Answering CQ on RTTY • Operating on commercial aircraft • Operating away from home 29
Propagation 30
Propagation Ionosphere 31
Propagation • Line of sight • Ionosphere regions • UV radiation • Reflections • Ducting • Inversion • EME • Satellites 32
Propagation Ionospheric Propagation 33
Propagation Ionospheric Propagation 34
Propagation Ionospheric Propagation • D region characteristics • Scatter • MUF • Ground Wave • Sky-wave • Skip zone • F region characteristics • Sunspots 35
Amateur Radio Practices • Grounding and lightning • Electrical ground • Safety • Dummy antennas 36
Amateur Radio Practices SWR Standing Wave Ratio • Good SWR 1. 5: 1 or less • High SWR indicates antenna is wrong length, or there is an open or short in the feed line. Lo Hi 50. 1………………………. . 54. 0 MHz 2. 5: 1 ---------------------------> 5: 1 Antenna is too long! 37
Amateur Radio Practices SWR Standing Wave Ratio Lo Hi 144. 1……………………… 148. 0 MHz 5: 1 <----------------------------- 2. 5: 1 Antenna is too short! • SWR meter • 1: 1 38
Amateur Radio Practices Test equipment • Voltmeter • Ammeter • RF wattmeter • Multimeter • Directional wattmeter • Fuses 39
Amateur Radio Practices Radio Frequency Interference • Receiver overload • Harmonic Radiation • Low pass filter • High pass filter 40
Electrical Principles • Hz - k. Hz • ma - ampere • Ampere • Volt • Conductors & insulators • Open & short circuits • Resistance & Resistors • Inductance & Inductors • Capacitance & Capacitors • Parallel & Series connections 41
Electrical Principles Ohm’s Law E = Electromotive Force measured in VOLTS I = Current measured in AMPERES R = Resistance measured in OHMS 42
Electrical Principles Ohm’s Law I=E/R I is expressed in AMPS R=E/I R is expressed in OHMS E=Ix. R E is expressed in VOLTS 43
Electrical Principles Ohm’s Law T 5 C 04 If a current of 2 amperes flows through a 50 -ohm resistor, what is the voltage across the resistor? E=Ix. R E = 2 x 50 A. 25 volts B. 52 volts C. 100 volts D. 200 volts 44
Electrical Principles Ohm’s Law T 5 C 05 If a 100 -ohm resistor is connected to 200 volts, what is the current through the resistor? I=E/R I = 200 / 100 A. 1 ampere B. 2 amperes C. 300 amperes D. 20, 000 amperes 45
Electrical Principles Ohm’s Law T 5 C 06 If a current of 3 amperes flows through a resistor connected to 90 volts, what is the resistance? R=E/I R = 90 / 3 A. 3 ohms B. 30 ohms C. 93 ohms D. 270 ohms 46
Electrical Principles Other concepts • Power • Watt • Wavelength • Frequency • AC • DC 47
Circuit Components Resistors Variable Resistor 48
Circuit Components Resistors Fixed Resistor 49
Circuit Components Switches Double Pole Single Throw DPST Single Pole Single Throw SPST 50
Circuit Components Fuses, batteries Fuse Single Cell Battery 51
Circuit Components More on resistors Fixed Resistor 52
Circuit Components More on resistors Fixed Resistor 53
Circuit Components Transistors PNP Transistor “Points in proudly” NPN Transistor “Not pointing in” 54
Circuit Components Antenna & ground Earth Ground Antenna 55
Circuit Components Capacitors Fixed Capacitor Variable Capacitor 56
Circuit Components Inductors Fixed Inductor Variable Inductor 57
Circuit Components Capacitors 58
Circuit Components Capacitors Fixed Capacitor 59
Circuit Components Capacitors Variable Capacitor 60
Practical Circuits Functional Layout Terms • Antenna switch • Feed line • Power supply • Antenna tuner • Dummy load 61
Practical Circuits Functional Layout T 7 A 05 In Figure N 7 -1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3 is a dummy antenna, what is block 2? A. B. C. D. A terminal-node switch An antenna switch A telegraph key switch A high-pass filter 62
Practical Circuits Functional Layout T 7 A 05 In Figure N 7 -1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3 is a dummy antenna, what is block 2? A. A terminal-node switch B. An antenna switch C. A telegraph key switch D. A high-pass filter 63
Practical Circuits Functional Layout T 7 A 06 In Figure N 7 -1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2 is an antenna switch, what is block 3? A. B. C. D. A terminal-node switch An SWR meter A telegraph key switch A dummy antenna 64
Practical Circuits Functional Layout T 7 A 06 In Figure N 7 -1, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2 is an antenna switch, what is block 3? A. A terminal-node switch B. An SWR meter C. A telegraph key switch D. A dummy antenna 65
Practical Circuits Functional Layout T 7 A 07 In Figure N 7 -2, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3 is an antenna switch, what is block 2? A. B. C. D. A terminal-node switch A dipole antenna An SWR meter A high-pass filter 66
Practical Circuits Functional Layout T 7 A 07 In Figure N 7 -2, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 3 is an antenna switch, what is block 2? A. A terminal-node switch B. A dipole antenna C. An SWR meter D. A high-pass filter 67
Practical Circuits Functional Layout T 7 A 08 In Figure N 7 -3, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2 is an SWR meter, what is block 3? A. B. C. D. An antenna switch An antenna tuner A key-click filter A terminal-node controller 68
Practical Circuits Functional Layout T 7 A 08 In Figure N 7 -3, if block 1 is a transceiver and block 2 is an SWR meter, what is block 3? A. An antenna switch B. An antenna tuner C. A key-click filter D. A terminal-node controller 69
Practical Circuits Functional Layout • Microphone • Modem, teleprinter, computer • TNC Terminal Node Controller 70
Practical Circuits Block diagrams An FM receiver uses a limiter and a discriminator to produce an audio signal. These circuits are unique to FM receivers. 71
Practical Circuits Block diagrams T 7 B 02 What circuit is pictured in Figure T 7 -1 if block 1 is a variablefrequency oscillator? A. B. C. D. A packet-radio transmitter A crystal-controlled transmitter A single-sideband transmitter A VFO-controlled transmitter 72
Practical Circuits Block diagrams T 7 B 02 What circuit is pictured in Figure T 7 -1 if block 1 is a variablefrequency oscillator? A. A packet-radio transmitter B. A crystal-controlled transmitter C. A single-sideband transmitter D. A VFO-controlled transmitter 73
Practical Circuits Block diagrams T 7 B 03 What circuit is pictured in Figure T 7 -1 if block 1 is a crystal oscillator? A. B. C. D. A crystal-controlled transmitter A VFO-controlled transmitter A single-sideband transmitter A CW transceiver 74
Practical Circuits Block diagrams T 7 B 03 What circuit is pictured in Figure T 7 -1 if block 1 is a crystal oscillator? A. A crystal-controlled transmitter B. A VFO-controlled transmitter C. A single-sideband transmitter D. A CW transceiver 75
Practical Circuits Block diagrams T 7 B 04 What type of circuit does Figure T 7 -2 represent if block 1 is a product detector? A. B. C. D. A simple phase modulation receiver A simple FM receiver A simple CW and SSB receiver A double-conversion multiplier 76
Practical Circuits Block diagrams T 7 B 04 What type of circuit does Figure T 7 -2 represent if block 1 is a product detector? A. A simple phase modulation receiver B. A simple FM receiver C. A simple CW and SSB receiver D. A double-conversion multiplier 77
Practical Circuits Block diagrams T 7 B 05 If Figure T 7 -2 is a diagram of a simple single-sideband receiver, what type of circuit should be shown in block 1? A. B. C. D. A high pass filter A ratio detector A low pass filter A product detector 78
Practical Circuits Block diagrams T 7 B 05 If Figure T 7 -2 is a diagram of a simple single-sideband receiver, what type of circuit should be shown in block 1? A. A high pass filter B. A ratio detector C. A low pass filter D. A product detector 79
Practical Circuits Block diagrams T 7 B 06 What circuit is pictured in Figure T 7 -3, if block 1 is a frequency discriminator? A. B. C. D. A double-conversion receiver A variable-frequency oscillator A superheterodyne receiver An FM receiver 80
Practical Circuits Block diagrams T 7 B 06 What circuit is pictured in Figure T 7 -3, if block 1 is a frequency discriminator? A. A double-conversion receiver B. A variable-frequency oscillator C. A superheterodyne receiver D. An FM receiver 81
Practical Circuits Filters Low Pass Filter Reduces harmonic radiation 82
Practical Circuits Filters Band Pass Filter Blocks RF above and below a certain frequency 83
Practical Circuits A few more circuits • Detector • Duplexer 84
Signals and Emissions RF emissions RF Carrier 85
Signals and Emissions RF emissions Emission types, narrowest to widest: CW RTTY SSB Signal FM Signal SSB FM 2 - 3 k. Hz wide 10 - 20 k. Hz wide 86
Signals and Emissions RF emissions 87
Signals and Emissions RF emissions Why use SSB? Efficiency! 88
Signals and Emissions RF emissions • CW emissions • Modulation • Over deviation • Splatter • Harmonic radiation • Testing microphones • Grounding 89
Signals and Emissions Modulation types • Packet radio • FM phone • USB • Phone emissions • FSK • Modern data transmission • Over deviation • Chirp 90
Antennas & feedlines Wavelength and antenna length Half wave dipole antenna length = 468 / frequency (MHz) Quarter wave vertical antenna length (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz) 91
Antennas & feedlines Wavelength and antenna length Half wave dipole antenna 92
Antennas & feedlines Wavelength and antenna length Quarter wave vertical antenna 93
Antennas & feedlines Wavelength and antenna length How long should you make a 1/4 wave vertical for 440 MHz? length (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz) length (feet) = 234 / 440 MHz. 5318 feet = 234 / 440 MHz (. 5318 * 12) inches = 234 / 440 MHz 6 inches 94
Antennas & feedlines Wavelength and antenna length How long should you make a 1/4 wave vertical for 28. 450 MHz? length (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz) length (feet) = 234 / 28. 450 MHz 8. 2249 feet = 234 / 28. 450 MHz 8 feet 95
Antennas & feedlines Wavelength and antenna length How long should you make a 1/4 wave vertical for 146 MHz? length (feet) = 234 / frequency (MHz) length (feet) = 234 / 146 MHz 1. 6 feet = 234 / 146 MHz (1. 6 * 12) inches = 234 / 440 MHz 19 inches 96
Antennas & feedlines Wavelength and antenna length If an antenna is made shorter its resonant frequency………. . INCREASES If an antenna is made longer its resonant frequency……. . DECREASES 97
Antennas & feedlines Wavelength and antenna length To decrease the resonant frequency of a dipole antenna. . . LENGTHEN the antenna To increase the resonant frequency of an antenna. . . SHORTEN the antenna 98
Antennas & feedlines Wavelength and antenna length Multi band antennas - Allow operation on several bands - Caveat: may radiate unwanted harmonics 99
Antennas & feedlines Beam antennas - Yagi 100
Antennas & feedlines Beam antennas - Yagi 101
Antennas & feedlines Beam antennas - Yagi 102
Antennas & feedlines Beam antennas - Yagi • Directional antenna • Yagi construction • Driven element • Parasitic elements 103
Antennas & feedlines Beam antennas - Cubical Quad Two or more parallel four sided loops, each 1 wavelength long. 104
Antennas & feedlines Antennas • Ground plane • Electrical noise • SWR • Feedlines • Balun 105
RF Safety Fundamentals, terms • Use minimum power • Most hazardous frequencies • Biological effects • Power density • Near fields • Microwave hazards • FCC requirements • MPE and the human body • Specific absorption rate 106
RF Safety Rules & guidelines • Rules defined: FCC Part 1, OET Bulletin 65 • All sources of RF from a site must be considered • MPE average in uncontrolled area: 30 minutes • MPE average in controlled areas: 6 minutes • Portable devices • Certification of RF exposure rules: form 605 • All stations must comply • Licensee is responsible for compliance 107
RF Safety Rules & guidelines • Body’s ability to absorb RF • Duty cycle • Impact of duty cycle on minimum safe distance 108
RF Safety Routine station evaluation • Power density measurement vs. other methods • Do not have to perform calculations • Hand held antennas • UHF antennas • RF burns • Mobile installations • Amplifier shielding 109
Clubs and organizations • QST, Monthly magazine • New! Members-Only Web Access • Technical Information Service (TIS) • Ham Radio Equipment Insurance • A Voice in Washington • ARRL Field Organization An Amateur Radio VHF/UHF Wide Coverage Repeater Linking System Serving New Mexico, Southern Colorado, Western Oklahoma, West Texas and Eastern Arizona 110
Clubs and organizations Albuquerque Amateur Radio Club • License classes • Operating activities • Social gatherings • Public service 111