Shifting Frames Contextualizing Critical Theory A Presentation by

Shifting Frames: Contextualizing Critical Theory A Presentation by Jenny Moffitt

Aims • To answer the question: “What is critical theory? ” • To gain an overview of the major schools of theory as outlined by Steven Lynn • To learn the distinguishing traits of New Criticism, including the key terms, texts, and ideas of the school • To consider reactions against New Criticism • To learn the distinguishing traits of Reader. Response Criticism, including the key terms, texts, and ideas of the school • To apply theory of Reader Response to film

What is Critical Theory? • The ________. • The _______ • “Critical theory is thus _______

Major Schools of Theory: An Overview 1. New Criticism (14 -17): 2. Reader-Response Criticism (17 -20):

3. Deconstructive Criticism (20 -23): 4. Historical, Postcolonial, and Cultural Studies (23 -28): - Historical Criticism - New Historicism - Postcolonial Criticism - Cultural Studies

5. Psychological Criticism (28 -31): 6. Feminist Criticism (31 -33): • Note: Each chapter of Steven Lynn’s Texts and Contexts is devoted to one of these critical schools.

The “Well-Wrought Urn” of New Criticism

Key Terms for New Criticism • Close Reading – • Intentional Fallacy – • Affective Fallacy -

• Explication – • Organic Unity – • Ambiguity - • Objective Correlative –

The Major Names and Texts of New Criticism • T. S. Eliot (1888 -1965) - • Cleanth Brooks (19061994) – • I. A. Richards (1893 -1979) - • John Crowe Ransom (18881974) –

• Renè Wellek (1903 -1995) and Austin Warren (18991986) • W. K. Wimsatt (1907) and Monroe Beardsley (19151985)

Questions to Ask When Doing a New Critical Reading (46) 1. What complexities (or tensions, ironies, paradoxes, oppositions, ambiguities) can you find in the work? 2. What idea unifies the work, resolving these ambiguities? 3. What details or images support this resolution (that is, connect the parts to the whole)?

Reactions to New Criticism Let’s take a look at some sections of Kenneth Koch’s 1956 poem “Fresh Air. ” How does he poke fun at New Criticism? How does he challenge New Critical beliefs?

“The Death of the Author? ”: The Emergence of Reader Response Criticism “Little Girl Reading, ” Berthe Morisot (1888)

Key Terms for Reader Response Theory • Transactional Experience – • Efferent Reading – • Aesthetic Reading – • Literary Experience – • Collective Meaning -

Types of Reader Response Theory Structuralism – * Narratology – Phenomenology -

Reception Theory – Subjective Criticism -

The Major Names and Texts of Reader Response Theory • Louise Rosenblatt (1904 2004) – • David Bleich - • Stanley Fish (1938) – • Wolfgang Iser (1926) and Hans Robert Jauss (19221997) -

The Main Principles of Reader Response Theory

Questions to Ask When Doing A Reader-Response Reading (67) 1. How do I respond to this work? 2. How does the text shape my response? 3. How might other readers respond?

Responding to Responses Consider this scene from Masked & Anonymous (Dir. Larry Charles) where we see three different responses (by Pagan Lace, Bobby Cupid, and Uncle Sweetheart) to the same song (Bob Dylan’s “Drifter’s Escape”). Is this an example of Reader Response Criticism? Do they reach a “collective meaning? ” How do you respond to their responses, the performance, the scene, the song?

Works Cited Bressler, Charles. Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1994. Koch, Kenneth. On the Great Atlantic Railway: Selected Poems 1950 -1988. New York: Knopf, 1994. Lynn, Steven. Texts and Contexts: Writing About Literature with Critical Theory. New York: Pearson Longman, 2005. Masked & Anonymous. Dir. Larry Charles. Sony, 2003.

Image Sources Figure 1 - <http: //architecture. mit. edu/> Figure 2 - <http: //www. gardenzilla. com/> Figure 3 - <http: //www. ibilio. org/>