SHIELDED CABLE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS NETWORK CABLE SOLUTIONS MODULE

SHIELDED CABLE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS NETWORK CABLE SOLUTIONS MODULE 2 -J 1

SCREEN TECHNOLOGY l Screening of UTP cables 4 Shielded Screened or Foiled 0 Known as Sc. TP in the Americas. Ý Low usage 0 Known as FTP in Europe Ý 80% of installed LAN’s H Primarily in UK, France, Germany 2

SCREEN TECHNOLOGY l Advantages 4 Greater immunity from RFI/EMI interference. 0 Yields lower bit error rate. 4 Greater immunity from radiated signals. 0 Yields a more secure cabling solution. l Disadvantages 4 Higher installed cost 0 Material and Labor 4 Greater difficulty in installation 4 Shorter link lengths under certain conditions 3

SCREENED TECHNOLOGY l Two basic construction 4 FTP (Sc. TP) 0 Four pair cable with an overall foil shield. 0 Drain Wire 4 S-FTP 0 Four pair cable with individually pairs. 0 Overall braided shield. 0 Drain Wire Ý Similar to the STP cables used in Token Ring applications. 4

SCREENED TECHNOLOGY l 100 ohm Shielded cabling Design 4 Not 100 Ohm UTP with a shield. 4 Shielded 100 Ohm twisted pair is designed to provide certain system performance characteristics 0 It can have a large number of variations. 5

STANDARDS l TIA/EIA 568 -A 4 Has references to 4 pair, 100 ohm shielded cable 4 It is allowed if it meets the same performance specifications as UTP. 0 No description of cable construction. 0 No specifications on the connector shield interface. 0 No specifications on shielding performance. 0 No guideline on how to design or install a system in order to maintain shielding performance 6

STANDARDS l TIA Task Group 4 Formed to fill the gaps and define specific. 0 Component Requirements. 0 Installation Requirements. 4 Task Group Definition 0 4 pair to be used as a standard. 0 Overall foil shield and drain wire to be the basic construction. Ý Other shields and braids may be added as long as basic construction is maintained. 7

STANDARDS l TIA Task Group 4 Task Group Definitions 0 Performance categories are the same as for UTP. 0 Color coding is the same. 0 8 position jack is maintained. 0 Jack to plug shield has been standardized and a test has been developed to verify shielding performance of a mated pair. 0 Requirements for shield continuity and grounding have been determined. 8

STANDARDS l ISO/IEC 11801 4 More complete than TIA EIA 568 A, but has gaps. 0 List tentative specifications on cable and connector shielding performance. 0 Provides basic installation guidelines on shield continuity and grounding. 0 Allows both 2 pair and 4 pair. 0 Allows 120 ohm impedance. 9

STANDARDS l ISO/IEC 11801 4 Allows both: 0 Overall shield construction 0 Individually Shielded Construction l EN 55022 4 This directive defines the limits and methods of measurement of ratio frequency interference characteristics of information technology equipment. 0 Limits on what a LAN can emit. 0 Similar to limit imposed by the FCC in the U. S. 10

STANDARDS l EMC & Cabling Systems 4 Unshielded or badly shielded cable cannot pass the European emissions directive at much more than 30 Mhz without encoding schemes or filter devices. 4 The FCC in the United States limits the transmission frequency at 30 Mhz 0 Through encoding schemes transmission at 31. 25 Mhz is possible because it spreads the energy over a wider frequency. 11

SHIELDING EFFECT l Emissions 4 Screens reduce the radiated signals by a minimum of 20 d. B. 12

STANDARDS l EN 55024 4 Defines the degree of sensitivity of a system with regard to the following: 0 Electrostatic Discharge Immunity, Part 2 0 Radiated Immunity, Part 3 0 Fast Transient Immunity, Part 4 0 Induced Interference, Part 6 13

POSITION l Strong position in Europe. 4 In areas where shielded cabling is used. 0 Reflects concerns over more stringent regulatory controls on electromagnetic emissions. 0 Concerns regarding interference from electromagnetic noise. 4 European Community used the term electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) to encompass both concerns. 14

EMC CONTROL l Shielding is not the only means of EMC control. 4 Well balanced Non shielded twisted pair cables are effective in limiting emissions and interference at current digital transmission frequencies. 0 Electronic techniques are used to limit transmission frequencies and maintain acceptable bit error rates in typical office environments. 15

EMC CONTROL l UTP Cable 4 EMC control dependent on system balance. 0 Balance dependent on pair twist rate. 0 Pair twist rate is close to manufacturing minimum. 4 Crosstalk performance dependent on variation of twist length. 0 Ability to further improve crosstalk by twist is limited. 16

APPLICATION l Emission 4 Emission standards, when tested, are for “typical” installations which is done in a controlled laboratory environment field installations may be different. . 4 Cannot cover all installations variables. l Immunity 4 Influenced by nearby machinery and equipment sources. 4 Influenced by nearby sources of RFI. 17

ADVANTAGES OF SHIELDING l Advantages 4 Take over at point that pair twists leave off and provide electromagnetic interference control at higher frequencies. 4 Individually shielded cables can provided additional immunity to crosstalk that is not achievable by pair twisting. 18

APPLICATION l Shielded cables are used to augment EMC characteristics of UTP type cables. 4 Provide additional control for critical networks. 4 Additional immunity over eletromechanically noisy environments. 4 Can be viewed as an additional insurance policy. 19

LINK LENGTH l Due to the shield a thicker primary insulation is required. 4 To meet the same attenuation and impedance specifications as that of UTP. 4 It is impractical to make a 24 AWG patch cord so that it will fit modular jacks. In Europe a 26 AWG cord is allowed. 0 Attenuation in a 26 AWG cord can be as much as 1. 5 times higher than a 24 AWG solid cable. Ý 24 AWG stranded is 1. 2 times. 20

CONNECTORS l The trend in the United States and most other areas is to standardize on the eight position jack. 4 Standardized interface to most LAN equipment. l Other connectors available that can utilize that of 24 AWG cable. 4 Non standard designs. 21

GROUNDING l Two methods of grounding are currently in use. 4 Star where one end of the cable is grounded. 4 Mesh where both ends of the cable are grounded. 0 The mesh type system may cause ground loops if both grounding points are not at the same ground potential. 4 The star grounding configuration is recommended. 22

GROUND LOOPS l Ground Loops if Mesh Grounding is used. 4 To assure that ground loops do not occur, measure the following between the shield and the green grounding conductor of the outlets servicing the work area. 0 Resistance should be less than 3. 5 ohms. 0 Voltage should be less than 1 V RMS 23

PERFORMANCE TESTING l Performance Testing Standards 4 Recently the ISO/IEC 11801 standardized the performance testing of shielded components in terms of Transfer Impedance. 4 The TIA TSB will also standardize on this method. 0 Prior to this manufacturers decided on the method to be used. 24

SUMMARY l The benefits of a shielded cable system is that it will minimize the variability of installed twisted pair cabling balance and add signal to noise margin. 25

SHIELDED CABLE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS QUESTIONS? 26

FTP CABLE INSTALLATION NETWORK CABLE SOLUTIONS MODULE 2 -K 27

FTP INSTALLATION l Scope 4 To provide the installer with the guidelines to properly handle high grade FTP cable during installation. 4 Proper handling assures optimum cable performance for intended present and future applications. 28

FTP INSTALLATION l Construction 4 Pairs are twisted more tightly and built to specific design constraints in a Cat. 5 cable. 4 A precise twist is induced into the bundled 4 -Pairs prior to jacketing. 4 Geometry becomes critical to maintain performance. 4 Damaging or changing the position of the pairs adversely affects the ability of the cable to carry high data rates. 29

FTP INSTALLATION l Minimum Bend Radius 4 Cables exceeding the minimum bend radius will exhibit degraded performance. 4 Returning flawed section to a larger diameter will not correct the fault. 4 the cable will still exhibit the degraded transmission performance 30

FTP INSTALLATION l Minimum Bend Radius 4 Review conduit bends 4 Exercise care in installing cable in trays 4 Do not bend cable over corners 4 Do not coil cable tightly and stuff into work box. 0 Store excess coiled in ceiling 4 Exercise care when dressing cables 31

FTP INSTALLATION l Minimum Bend Radius 4 Sweep cables to avoid bends and kinks. 0 Kinking the cable changes the shape of the core, moves the pairs and changes the geometry 0 Damage is permanent l Service Loops 4 1 -3 feet loops at termination points 4 Leave service loops along the route of the cable 32

FTP INSTALLATION l Maximum Tensile Loading 4 Exceeding the maximum tensile loading will adversely affect the performance of the cable. 0 Quality of the cable is a affected long before damage is visible 4 Physical stress must be guarded against during installation and in suspended cable runs. 4 Cables should be well supported. 4 Correcting cable tension will not reverse the effect of over -loading. 4 Maximum cable loading for an FTP four pair cable is 25 lb. 33

FTP INSTALLATION l Over-Cinching 4 Over-cinching causes compression and distortion of the cable, degrading cable performance. 0 Cable ties must never distort the jacket. 0 Avoid using staples 0 Never crush the cable with staples. 34

FTP INSTALLATION l l l Avoid using staples because they crush the cable The wraps should not distort the jacket of the cable A properly installed tie wrap can easily be moved up and down and twisted around the bundle 35

FTP INSTALLATION l Over-Cinching 4 Select non-compression cable management accessories 0 Velcro tie wraps 0 “D” rings 0 Nail on cable clamps 36

FTP INSTALLATION l Cable Bundles 4 Assure that weight of bundle in not compressing cable jacket. 4 Exert care when running a large cable bundle around a bend 4 In trays fiber cable should be placed on the top and FTP on the bottom. 37

FTP INSTALLATION l Cable Lengths 4 Horizontal runs are limited to 90 meters or less. 4 Work area equipment cables are limited to 3 m or less. 4 Patch cords, jumpers, and cross connects are limited to 7 m or less in the telecommunications closet. 38

FTP INSTALLATION l Other Installation Suggestions 4 Do not share bore holes with power wires. 4 Never install components of unknown or questionable manufacture or quality. 4 Keep wire away from heat sources, heat ducts and pipes. 4 Leave one to three foot service loops at outlets and connection points. 4 When existing a cable tray it is recommended that a service loop is left. 4 Use proper support methods when installing a cable in a dropped ceiling. 39

FTP INSTALLATION l Cable Installation 4 Each horizontal run should be a continuous link to a single work area. 4 Bridging of horizontal runs is not acceptable. 4 Do not split pairs between multiple outlets. 0 All four pairs must be connected to a single jack or connector. 40

FTP CABLE INSTALLATION QUESTIONS? 41

FTP CABLE TERMINATION NETWORK CABLE SOLUTIONS MODULE 2 -L 42

FTP TERMINATION l Termination of FTP cable from UTP differs in that: 4 Shield continuity must be maintained throughout the system. 4 Shield must be grounded. 43

FTP TERMINATION l Termination Procedures 4 Strip cable to expose conductors, drain wire and foil. 4 Cut foil even with outer jacket. 4 Slip cable over grounding tab. Be sure that the tab is on the inside of the foil shield. 4 Bend drain wire ground tabs against the cable. 4 Wrap the drain wire around the tabs and the cable. 4 Apply tie wrap to assure good contact of drain wire to grounding tab. 4 Punch pairs down. 4 Snap metal shield over connector. 44

FTP CABLE TERMINATION QUESTIONS? 45

LAN CABLING SYSTEMS OVERVIEW NETWORK CABLE SOLUTIONS MODULE 3 -A 46

LOCAL AREA NETWORK A Local Area Network or LAN is a system that interconnects data devices to share information at high speeds in a limited geographic area. Accomplished with a combination of hardware and software. 47

LAN CABLING l l l LAN cabling provides a path to distribute data signals The objective of the cabling systems is to be reliable and error free Could be the most expensive component of a LAN. May restrict technology. Important element in high speed LAN’s 48

NETWORK CABLING FACT l l 70% of all LAN problems are directly related to the media. 90% of all LAN problems are directly related to the media and physical hardware. 49

CABLING FACTS Why you should assure only the best cabling system is installed in your facility. 50

LIFE CYCLES l l l Software PC and Micros Mainframe Cabling System Building Shell - 1 Year - 5 Years - 10 years - 16 years - 50 years 51

NETWORK INVESTMENT l l Software Intelligent Workstations LAN Equipment Cabling - 54% - 34% - 7% - 5% 52

DOWNTIME l l 70% of all downtime is cable related. Downtime costs run between $1000 to $50, 000 per hour 53

SPEED FOR DATA l Past 4 1. 2 kbps. 9. 6 kbps. 19. 2 kbps. 4 Mbps. l Current 4 10 Mbps. 16 Mbps. 100 Mbps. 155 Mbps. 1 Gbps. l Near Future 4 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps 54

PAST PRACTICES l l Cabling usually was an afterthought Most cabling systems were system specific. Objective was to spend as little as possible. Little was known regarding cable technology on the part of decision makers. 55

CABLING DESIGN CONSIDERATION l l l What is the current network speed. Over what distances will the data be transmitted. Applicable LAN standards. What are the applicable fire codes. What applications will the cable plant need to support in the future. 56

LAN CABLE CHOICES l l Coaxial cable (Coax) Shielded twisted pair (STP) Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Fiber optic cable 57

COAXIAL CABLES l Construction 4 single conductor 4 Thick dielectric 4 Braided shield l l l High Bandwidth Several types Ethernet LANs 58

COAX TERMINATION l Connector types used on coax 4 Thicknet/N type 4 Thinner or IBM 3270/BNC type 4 Video/F type 59

SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE l Two types 4 IBM type cable 0 150 ohm 0 Each pair individually shielded 0 Overall braided shield 4 Sc. TP or Foiled 0 100 ohm 0 Pairs not individually shielded 0 Overall foil shield 60

SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE l l l High Bandwidth Token Ring 150 Ohm STP cables based on IBM cable types 61

SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE 62

STP TERMINATION l connector types used on STP 4 STP Data connector 0 Self shorting 63

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE l Construction 4 Two to four individually twisted pairs 0 EIA/TIA-568 A specifies four pair 0 Cables up to 25 pair available 4 No shield 4 24 AWG solid conductor 0 Stranded conductor for patch cords 4 Small in size 4 Performance defined to 100 MHz 64

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE 65

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE 66

UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE l Five categories of UTP cable. 4 Category designation indicates cables performance 4 In today’s LANs only Category 3 and Category 5 are used and the Category 5 enhanced 67

UTP TERMINATION l Connectors used in UTP termination 4 8 position RJ-45 type modular plug 0 used to terminate cables 4 8 position modular jack 0 Used to terminate cables at wall plate 4 Punch down blocks 0 Used to terminate cables in closets Ý 66 blocks Ý 110 blocks 68

UTP TERMINATION 69

FIBER OPTIC CABLE l l Two optical fibers need for a LAN circuit Several types of coatings and jacketing 4 Tight buffer 4 Loose tube gel filled 4 Multipurpose indoor/outdoor l Bandwidth is unlimited. 70

FIBER OPTIC CABLE 71

FIBER OPTIC CABLE l l Developed to meet bandwidth hungry applications Transmits any type of signal 4 voice, video, data 4 analog or digital l l Future unlimited Current limitations due to electronics 72

FIBER OPTIC TERMINATION l l l Fiber optic cable termination on both ends with a connector Connectors joined by barrel connector Many types of connectors on the market currently 4 ST type most popular 4 SC is recommended standard in TIA/EIA-568 A 73

FIBER OPTIC TERMINATION 74

LAN TOPOLOGIES l Bus 4 Ethernet l Ring 4 Token Ring l Star 4 TIA/EIA-568 A 75

BUS TOPOLOGY l Advantages 4 Low cable usage 4 Simplified cable management l Disadvantages 4 Design Complexity 4 Preplanning is a requirement 4 Cable failure will bring down the network 76

RING TOPOLOGY l Advantages 4 Low cable usage 4 Simplified cable management l Disadvantages 4 Design Complexity 4 Preplanning is a requirement 4 Difficult servicing the media 4 Multiple potential failure points 77

STAR TOPOLOGY l Advantages 4 Easy to design 4 Minimal preplanning required 4 Simplified servicing and maintenance 4 Increased Network reliability l Disadvantages 4 Higher cable usage 4 Central point of failure 78

NETWORK COMPONENTS & CABLES l l l l Equipment Room Main Distribution Frame Telecommunications Closet Patch Panel Cross-Connect Block (“ 66”, “ 110”) Hub (MAU) Gateway Router, Bridge 79

LAN CABLING SYSTEMS OVERVIEW QUESTIONS? 80

LAN TROUBLESHOOTING NETWORK CABLE SOLUTIONS MODULE 3 -B 81

LAN TROUBLESHOOTING l If the LAN cabling is in question or has been determined to be at fault, then the following steps can be followed to determine what the specific problem is. 82

LAN TROUBLESHOOTING 1. Find the Cable 4 Locate and identify both ends of the cable in question. 2. Is the cable carrying traffic 4 With your test equipment check the cable for noise. Readings in the frequency for the systems topology greater than 300 m. V probably mean the link is active. 4 Shut down the link. 83

LAN TROUBLESHOOTING 3. Noise measurement 4 Once the link is shut down, the noise measurement should be carried out again to check for signals from outside sources. 4. Connectivity 4 Check pin to pin connectivity of the cable. 4 Look for 0 Wiring reversals 0 Shorts or opens 84

LAN TROUBLESHOOTING 5. Length 4 Next test that should be performed using a hand held tester or TDR for length. 0 Is the length within specification. 6. Impedance 4 Using an TDR or a hand held meter test for impedance. 0 Ideal TDR plot is a flat line. 0 Reflections > +/-10% should be investigated. 85

LAN TROUBLESHOOTING 7. Average and Impulse Noise 4 Using wideband AC voltmeter look at frequencies up to 100 MHz for activity. 0 Background level of 70 m. V is acceptable. 0 Narrow down the frequency to determine source. Ý Low frequencies-AC power, lights, motors. Ý Middle frequencies-computer switching power supplies, light dimmers, medical equipment. Ý High frequencies-radio, television, microwave broadcasts or network traffic (NEXT). 86

LAN TROUBLESHOOTING 8. Attenuation 4 Using an injector and a power meter test the cable’s loss characteristics. 4 Test through all patch panels and cross connects and patch cords. 4 Be aware that some shielded cables have high capacitance and high attenuation at high network speeds. 9. Near End Crosstalk 4 Using a hand held tester check for near end crosstalk. If these tests have negative results the cause of the LAN failure is all probability not the cable plant. 87

LAN TROUBLESHOOTING l For fiber optic cable the procedure is much simpler. 4 Using an OTDR determine if the length is correct and if the attenuation is within limits. 0 Bandwidth may become an issue if it is an older cable plant. Ý Bandwidth cannot be tested in the field with any degree of accuracy. 88

LAN TROUBLESHOOTING QUESTIONS? 89

LAN DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS NETWORK CABLE SOLUTIONS MODULE 4 -A 90

LAN DESIGN l l Standards should be considered with minimum requirements. Different customers have different needs. 4 Design a system that fits the customer. 91

LAN DESIGN l l Work Area Requirements Closet Requirements Backbone Distribution Requirements Horizontal Distribution Requirements 92

LAN DESIGN l Systems Evaluation 4 Types of PC’s 4 Bandwidth hungry applications 0 CAD 0 Financial traders 4 Video, Multimedia, Teleconferencing 4 Modems or fax lines at the desk 4 Voice systems 93

LAN DESIGN l Network to be installed 4 10 Base-T 4 100 Base-TX 4 ATM 4 FDDI l l Future migration plan Horizontal Media 4 UTP 4 Fiber to the desk 4 STP 4 Special cables 94

LAN DESIGN l Connectors 4 T 568 A or B 4 ST or SC or FDDI 4 Hardware selection 4 Application specific l Network Equipment 4 Connections 4 Installation options 95

LAN DESIGN l Backbone Media 4 UTP 4 Fiber 4 STP 4 Future growth requirements l Distribution 4 Horizontal 0 Star, Bus, Ring 4 Backbone 0 Star, Bus, Ring 0 Collapsed Backbone 96

LAN DESIGN l Telecommunications Closets 4 Size 4 Layout 4 Construction l Horizontal Distribution 4 Cellular floor 4 Conduit 4 Drop ceiling 4 Raised floor 97

LAN DESIGN l Horizontal and Backbone Pathways 4 Lengths 4 Routing 4 EMI sources 4 RFI sources 4 Fire codes 98

LAN DESIGN l LAN Design Process 4 Determine requirements at the work area. 0 Outlets 0 Media 0 LAN Equipment 4 Determine requirements for telecommunication closets. 0 Space 0 Hardware 4 Determine Horizontal distribution 0 Pathways 4 Determine Backbone Distribution 0 Pathways 0 Media 0 LAN Equipment 99

LAN DESIGN l LAN Systems 4 Two choices 0 Standards Driven 0 Technology Driven 4 Standards Driven 0 Best choice because the LAN will serve the customer for a much longer period. 100

LAN DESIGN QUESTIONS? 101

WORK AREA DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS NETWORK CABLE SOLUTIONS MODULE 4 -B 102

WORK AREA l Standards require a minimum of two cables per area. 4 Not necessarily in the same faceplate. 4 Pair splitting not allowed. 4 One UTP 0 Other cable can be Ý UTP Ý STP Ý Optical fiber 103

WORK AREA l Jacks 4 Eight position modular jack RJ-45 type. 4 Same category as the cable. 0 Can be higher category. 0 Link category is determined by lowest performing component. 4 Pin assignments per T 568 A or T 568 B. 104

UTP/Sc. TP TERMINATION 105

UTP / Sc. TP TERMINATION PIN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 T 568 A Pair 3 3 2 1 1 2 4 4 Color W-G G W-O BL T 568 B Pair 2 2 3 1 Color W-O O W-G BL W-BL O 1 3 W-BL G W-BR BR 4 4 W-BR BR 106

UTP/Sc. TP TERMINATION l Selection of termination options. 4 T 568 A 0 Corresponds to international ISDN Standard. 0 Preferred pinouts in TIA/EIA 568 -A Standard. 0 Backward compatible to USOC for pairs 1 and 2. 4 T 568 B 0 Most widely specified worldwide for data installations. 0 Backward compatible to USOC, pair 3 corresponds to pair 2. 0 Subset of IEEE 802. 3 10 BASE-T 4 Note 0 USOC is a nested configuration on that is the most commonly used for voice systems in the U. S. 107

WORK AREA l Work Area Hardware 4 Must be of equal or higher category as the horizontal cable. 4 Must be securely mounted at planned locations. 4 Must be easily accessible. 4 Fiber optic connectors that are approved. 0 2 simplex SC’s 0 2 simplex ST’s 0 568 SC 108

WORK AREA l Application Specific Components 4 Should not be installed as a part of the horizontal cabling. 0 Must be outside the faceplate. 109

WORK AREA l Cable Termination 4 All four pairs must be terminated to a single connector. 0 pair splitting is not allowed. 4 Bridged taps and splices are not allowed. 110

EQUIPMENT CORDS l UTP/Sc. TP Equipment Cords 4 Same Category or higher as the horizontal cable. 4 Preterminated equipment cords for a Category 5 systems should be purchased from a qualified supplier. 0 Typically the hardware manufacturer. 111

EQUIPMENT CORDS l Fiber Optic Equipment Cords 4 Same fiber type as the horizontal cabling. 4 Must be a two fiber (duplex) cable. 4 Labeling must indicate crossover function. 112

WORK AREA l Multi User Assembly and Consolidation Point 4 Must be manageable in size. 0 Serve 6 to 12 users. 4 Permanently located. 4 Work area cables clearly labeled 4 Outlet to be marked with maximum allowable work area cable length. 113

WORK AREA l Locating Outlets 4 Coordinate outlet locations with intended floor plan. 0 Otherwise 2 outlet boxes per 100 sq ft (10 sq m). 4 Mount outlets between 15 in and 48 in (380 to 1220 mm) above the finished floor. 0 Unless local codes differ. 114

WORK AREA l Unterminated Cables 4 Stored in outlet boxes with a face plate. 4 Face Plate label should identify the outlet box is for telecommunications use. l Exposed Cable 4 Cable installed between the telco closet and the work area outlet shall not be installed in the work area or any other space with public access. 115

WORK AREA l Modular Furniture 4 Raceways closest to the floor should be used for power cable. 4 Modular furniture with beltways is preferred. 0 Belts above desk level are designed for telecommunications use. 4 Under no circumstances should communications cable share a raceway with power cable without separation. 116

WORK AREA DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS QUESTIONS? 117

TELECOMMUNICATIONS CLOSET DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS NETWORK CABLE SOLUTIONS MODULE 4 -C 118

TELECOMMUNICATIONS CLOSET l Telecommunications Closet 4 This is the transition point between the backbone cable and the horizontal cable. 4 Should be dedicated to the telecommunications function. 4 Minimum of one per floor. 0 Additional closets if: Ý The floor area served exceeds 10. 000 sq ft (1000 sq m) Ý The horizontal distance exceeds 300 ft (90 m) 119

TELECOMMUNICATIONS CLOSET l l Recommended closet sizing on a worker area having 100 sq ft (10 sq m) Building less than 5000 sq ft (500 sq m) can be served by a small closet with a minimum size of 2 feet by 8. 5 feet (0. 6 m by 2. 6 m). 120

TELECOMMUNICATION CLOSETS l Location 4 Locate closets near the geographic center of the floor space that it is intended to serve 0 Reduces cabling distances 0 Aids in avoiding multiple closets 4 Minimum of one closet per floor recommended 121

TELECOMMUNICATION CLOSETS l Closets refer to one of two types of areas 4 Main Distribution Frame (MDF) 0 Logical center of the Star Topology 0 Central control point for cable plant administration 0 Hosts devices (mainframe, PBX) located nearby 4 Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF) 0 Subordinate to the MDF 0 Transition point between Backbone and Horizontal cable 0 Control point for local cable plant administration 122

TELECOMMUNICATION CLOSETS l Requirements 4 Minimum of two wall covered with plywood. 4 No false ceilings. 0 Allows for easier cable routing 4 Access to the main building grounding electrode 4 36 inch by 80 inch (0. 91 m x 2 m) door. 0 Hinged to open out 123

TELECOMMUNICATION CLOSETS l Requirements 4 Electrical 0 Two 15 amp 120 volt isolated ground circuits. (Minimum) 0 Two 15 amp 240 volt isolated ground circuits. (Minimum) 0 Ideal if perimeter outlets are placed every 6 feet (1. 8 meters). 4 Lighting 0 50 footcandles (540 Lx) at 3 feet (90 cm) above the floor. 4 Separation 0 LAN cable components should not be co-located with electrical panels or high voltage equipment. 0 Do not share with custodial or storage functions. 124

TELECOMMUNICATION CLOSETS l Requirements 4 Temperature 0 64 degrees F to 75 degrees F 0 18 degrees C to 24 degrees C 4 Humidity 0 30 to 55% relative (non-condensing) 4 Heat Dissipation 0 750 -5000 BTU/hr per cabinet 125

TELECOMMUNICATION CLOSETS l Cabling Practices 4 Multiple types of media used in backbones should be cross connected in the same closet. 4 Horizontal cables serving the same work areas should be terminated in the same Closet. 4 Cables should have appropriate cable management and cable organization hardware to eliminate stress on the cables. 126

TELECOMMUNICATION CLOSETS l Terminations 4 Horizontal and Backbone cables must be terminated on hardware meeting or exceeding the category of the cable. 4 Routine moves and changes must not be accomplished by retermination of fixed backbone or horizontal cables. 0 Jumpers or patch cords should be used. 4 Application specific devices should be placed outside the Horizontal Cross-connect. 127

TELECOMMUNICATION CLOSETS l Factory Pre-terminated Patch Cords 4 Reduces the performance variations due to field cabling practices. 4 Should be the same category or higher than the cable plant installed. l Cross Connect 4 Jumpers, patch cords, cross-connects, connecting equipment or backbone cable with horizontal cable should not exceed 7 meters. 128

TELECOMMUNICATION CLOSETS l Equipment Rooms 4 Should house only equipment directly related to the telecommunications system. 0 Usually equipment that is common to several floors is housed in an equipment room. 4 Must meet all the same requirements as a Telecommunications Closet. 4 Minimum size 150 sq ft (14 sq m). 0 0. 75 sq ft (0. 07 sq m) per 100 sq ft (10 sq m). 129

TELECOMMUNICATION CLOSETS l Sources of EMI / RFI 4 Telecommunications closets and equipment rooms should be located away from sources of EMI and RFI 4 Check for 0 Electrical power supply transformers. 0 Motors and generators. 0 X-ray equipment 0 Radio and radar transmitters. 0 Photocopy equipment. 4 It is not only the copper cable media that is susceptible to EMI / RFI but also the LAN equipment. 130

TELECOMMUNICATION CLOSETS l Grounding and Bonding 4 Must meet all local codes 4 Should meet the requirements of TIA/EIA-607 4 Grounding points should be easily accessible in all closets. 131

TELECOMMUNICATION CLOSETS l Electrical Protection 4 All telecommunications cables that extend outside of a building is susceptible to extraneous voltages or currents. 0 Exceptions are all dielectric optic cables. 0 It is recommended that Secondary Protection be installed on all cables that exit the building to protect electronic equipment. 132

TELECOMMUNICATIONS CLOSET DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS QUESTIONS? 133

HORIZONTAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS NETWORK CABLE SOLUTIONS MODULE 4 -D 134

HORIZONTAL l Considerations 4 Cable plant should facilitate ongoing adds, moves, changes, and maintenance. 4 Should accommodate current use requirements. 4 Should be designed to accommodate future equipment and service changes. 135

HORIZONTAL l Standards Recognized Horizontal Media 4 TIA / EIA 568 -A 0 100 ohm Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP). 0 150 ohm Shielded Twisted Pair (STP). 0 62. 5/125 um duplex optical fiber cable. 4 ISO 11801 and TIA/EIA 568 -A 0 100 ohm Screened Twisted Pair (Sc. TP). Ý a. k. a. Foil Twisted Pair (FTP) 136

HORIZONTAL l Composite, Hybrid Cables 4 In horizontal applications it is acceptable to use composite or hybrid cables as long as each individual cable under the shared sheath exhibits standards compliant performance. 4 Crosstalk requirements are more stringent than for individual cables. 137

HORIZONTAL l UTP 4 Advantages 0 Low cost 0 Simple installation 0 Supports most applications 0 New applications are designed for use with UTP 4 Disadvantages 0 Susceptible to EMI/RFI 0 Distance limitations 138

HORIZONTAL l STP/Sc. TP/FTP 4 Advantages 0 Good EMI/RFI immunity 4 Disadvantages 0 Difficult to install 0 Higher installed cost 0 Improper shield and grounding installation can result in the cable acting as an antenna 139

HORIZONTAL l Optical Fiber 4 Advantages 0 Immune to EMI/RFI 0 Unlimited bandwidth 0 Longer distances 0 Supports all applications 0 Ease in testing 4 Disadvantages 0 Longer installation time 0 Highest installed cost 140

HORIZONTAL l Topology 4 Standards approved topology is the Star. 0 Each workstation has its own cable terminated at the horizontal crossconnect in the telecommunications closet. 141

HORIZONTAL l Selection of Horizontal Media 4 Minimum of two telecommunications outlets must provided for each individual workstation. 0 One outlet must be supported by a four pair 100 ohm UTP or Sc. TP (FTP) cable. Ý Per the standard maximum of a Category 3 is required and a Category 5 is recommended 0 Other media. outlets can be supported by any of the recognized 142

HORIZONTAL l Distance Limitation 4 UTP cable is limited to 295 feet (90 meters) in the horizontal. 4 Optical fiber is limited to 295 feet (90 meters) when hub equipment is located in each telecommunications closet. 4 Optical fiber cable is limited to 984 feet (300 meters) when hub equipment is centrally located. 143

HORIZONTAL l Distance Limitations 4 Length of cable referred to in the distance limitation is the jacketed length not the electrical length 0 Two lengths vary because of pair twists 4 Telecommunications closet’s span is considered to be a radius of 200 feet (60 meters) 0 Horizontal cables follow pathways 0 Slack 144

HORIZONTAL l Service Loops 4 It is recommended that a service loop of between 1 -3 feet of cable be left at all termination. 0 This is to facilitate servicing those terminations. 145

HORIZONTAL l Cabling Practices 4 Connecting hardware must be installed in compliance to local codes 4 Bridged taps are not allowed 4 UTP/Sc. TP (FTP) cable runs must be continuous, without splices 146

HORIZONTAL l Multi User Assembly and Consolidation Point 4 Must be manageable in size 0 Serve 6 to 12 users 4 Permanently located 4 Work area cables clearly labeled 4 Outlet to be marked with maximum allowable work area cable length 147

HORIZONTAL l Consolidation Points 4 Only one consolidation point allowed in a horizontal cable tun 4 Cross-connections are not permitted at the consolidation point 4 Active equipment is not allowed at the consolidation point. 4 Each horizontal cable exiting the consolidation point must have all four pairs terminated in the same modular jack. 148

HORIZONTAL l Centralized Fiber Optic Testing 4 Used in Fiber-To-The-Desk scenarios 4 Horizontal runs with UTP are limited to 90 m. 4 Fiber has increased transmission distance 0 Horizontal cables can be installed directly to centralized “Hub Farms” within the building. 0 300 meter maximum distance. 0 Three accepted methods Ý Pull through Ý Through Splice Ý Through Connect 149

HORIZONTAL l EMI/RFI 4 Cable routing, closet placement and drop locations should be such as to avoid sources of EMI and RFI sources. 4 Detailed in standard EIA/TIA-569. 150

HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION l Conduit Types Recognized: 4 Electrical metallic tubing 4 Rigid metal conduit 4 Rigid PVC l Conduit Type Not Recommended 4 Metal Flex Conduit 0 Cable suffers from abrasion 151

HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION l Installation Guidelines 4 Maximum run length without pull point 30 meters (100 feet) 4 Maximum of two 90 degrees bends between pull boxes or pull points 4 Fish tape or pull cord shall be placed in installed conduit 152

HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION l Installation Guidelines 4 Conduits protruding through the Telco Closet should extend 1 to above the finished floor 4 Conduits protruding through the extend to 1 to 2 inches (25 -50 floor should protrude in a 4 inches (25 -100 mm) floor in other areas should mm) above the finished 153

HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION l Installation Guidelines 4 Single conduit run extending from a telecommunications closet shall not serve more than three outlets 4 Conduits shall be reamed 4 Conduit shall be terminated with an insulated bushing 154

HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTION l Ceiling Pathways 4 Ceiling distribution pathways be fully accessible 0 Drywall or plaster ceiling are not allowed 4 Minimum of 3 inches (75 mm) is needed between cable support hardware and the false ceiling. Same Distance is required between the hardware and the structural ceiling. 155

SEPARATION l Pathway Separation 4 Closed metal pathways provide adequate protection from capacitively coupled (rapid changes in high voltages) in commercial buildings. 4 Closed metal pathways of ferrous induction suppression material shall be used in areas of high inductively coupled noise (rapid changes in high current). 4 Open or non-metal pathways shall be placed with sufficient separation. 156

SEPARATION 157

SEPARATION l High Voltage Separation 4 Telecommunications cables should have a separation of 10 feet (3 meters) from panels and power carrying voltages of 480 Vrms or greater. 158

HORIZONTAL l Firestopping 4 Properly rated firestop systems must be installed to prevent or retard the spread of smoke, water, fire and gases through the building. 159

HORIZONTAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS QUESTIONS? 160

BACKBONE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS NETWORK CABLE SOLUTIONS MODULE 4 -E 161

BACKBONE l Backbone Planning 4 Backbone cable plants should be designed to accommodate the systems that are currently being used as well as those that will be in use in the future. 4 Planning should consider the changes that are anticipated in service requirements and system growth for a period of not less than 3 years and ideally up to 10 years. 4 Other factors that must be considered when a Backbone Cable Plant is being designed are: 0 Bandwidth requirements for present and future applications. 0 The number of Work Areas that are served by the backbone segment. 162

BACKBONE l Topology 4 The backbone cabling plant must use the hierarchical star topology. 4 Two hierarchical levels of cross connects are allowed in backbone cabling. 0 Between the horizontal cross connect and the Main cross connect only one cross connect may exist. 4 No more than three cross connects between any two horizontal cross connects. 4 Limitation of two levels in hierarchy limits the size of LAN. 4 In large installations (I. e. universities, military bases) the area should be segmented into smaller components and then interconnected. 163

BACKBONE l Location 4 Main and intermediate cross connects are to be located in Telecommunications Closets, Equipment Rooms, or Entrance Facilities. 4 Main cross connects 0 Ideally located in an equipment room 0 Ideally located in the geographic center of the area it serves. 164

BACKBONE l Recognized Backbone Cable Types 4 100 ohm UTP/Sc. TP four pair cable. 4 100 ohm UTP multipair cable. 4 150 ohm STP cable. 4 62. 5/125 or multimode optical fiber cable. 4 Singlemode optical fiber cable. 165

BACKBONE l Composite and Hybrid Cables 4 In backbone applications it is acceptable to use composite or hybrid cables as long as each individual cable under the shared sheath exhibits standards compliant performance. 4 Crosstalk requirements are more stringent than for individual cables. 166

BACKBONE l Media Selection 4 UTP and/or Sc. TP cables may be used in backbone cable segments that do not exceed 295 feet (90 meters) for Category 5 applications. 4 Segments that are in excess of 295 feet (90 meters) should utilize optical fiber cables. 167

BACKBONE l Media Selection 4 Fiber Optic Cable 0 The selection of fiber optic cable assures that high speed data applications will be supported in the backbone. 0 Fiber optic cable also has higher bandwidth in less pathway space than copper media. 0 Fiber optic cable is immune to the effects of RFI and EMI. 0 All dielectric fiber optic cables are immune to ground loops. 168

BACKBONE l Growth 4 Recommendation is that one fiber pair be provided for each current application and a 100% growth factor to be added to the fiber count. 169

BACKBONE l Distance Limitations 4 It is important to note that not all current applications will operate properly over lengths allowed by the standards for the copper media. 0 The standards allowed UTP cable lengths are based on voice applications. Backbone cable cannot exceed 295 ft (90 m) for applications with bandwidths equal to or greater than 4 MHz. 170

BACKBONE l Patch Cords 4 In applications where bandwidths are less than 4 MHz, patch cords and jumpers in the Main Cross connect and Intermediate Cross connect shall be less than or equal to 66 ft (20 m). 4 In applications where bandwidths are equal to or greater than 4 MHz, the patch cords and jumpers are limited to 16 ft (5 m). 171

BACKBONE l Planning 4 If requirements are unknown, plan for one copper pair for every 100 sg ft (10 sq m) 4 If requirements are known, plan for copper pairs for each 2 pair application and 8 pairs for each 4 pair application 0 Provision for growth and back up 4 Provide 4 fibers for each 2 fiber application 172

BACKBONE l Service Loops 4 Backbone cables terminating at a Horizontal cross connect should have a 10 feet (3 meter) service loop 4 Backbone cables terminating at the main cross connect or at intermediate cross connects should have at least 33 feet (10 meters) service loops 173

BACKBONE l Design considerations discussed in the Horizontal Section 4 EMI/RFI Separation 4 Pathways 4 Firestopping 174

BACKBONE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS QUESTIONS? 175

THANK YOU 176