Shallow Learning by Reading In Slate Need either

Shallow “Learning by Reading” In Slate Need either transition section from Selmer to Micah, or Title slide plus not-crappy title!

Slate • Multi-faceted intelligent assistant to those whose jobs are in large part reasoning-based • The primary audience is the intelligence community • Under development for ARDA, DARPA, and RPI's logic, mathematics, and computer science curricula

Reading Process Phase One: Intelligence Reports Controlled English

Reading Process Phase Two: Controlled English DRS

Reading Process Phase Three: DRS Multi-Sorted Logic

Reading Process: Intelligence Reports Multi-Sorted Logic

Reading Process Implementation Process: Intelligence Reports Multi-Sorted Logic

Reading Process – Phase 1 • ACE (Fuchs, et al) • Word. Net used prior as lexicon database for CELT, an ACElike controlled language (Pease, et al) • Manual transcription/authoring in controlled languages is viable at scale (Allen & Barthe) • Techniques for automated conversion from natural English to controlled English are being developed (Mollá & Schwitter)

Attempto Controlled English ACE is an unambiguous proper subset of full English • Vocabulary of reserved function words and userdefined content words • Grammar is context-free, phrase-structured, and definite clause • Principles of Interpretation deterministically disambiguate otherwise ambiguous phrases • Direct translation into Discourse Representation Structures

Reading Process – Phase 2 • ACE Parser (APE) • Discourse Representation Structures (DRSs) are central to Discourse Representation Theory (DRT) (Kamp & Reyle) • DRT is a linguistic theory for assigning meaning to discourse by sequential additive contribution • DRS is a syntactic variant of first-order logic for the resolution of unbounded anaphora • DRS is a structure ((referents), (conditions))

DRS Example “John talks to Mary. ” ((A, B), (John(A), Mary(B), talk(A, B))) …“He smiles at her. ” ((A, B, C, D), (John(A), Mary(B), talk(A, B), smile(C, D), C=A, D=B))

DRS Example …“She does not smile at him. ” ((A, B, C, D), (John(A), Mary(B), talk(A, B), smile(C, D), C=A, D=B), ((E, F), (smile(E, F), E=B, F=A)))

Reading Process – Phase 3 • ACE uses an extended form of DRS • Small, domain-neutral, encoding scheme & ontology to capture semantic content • Transformation from DRS to MSL/FOL is well understood (Blackburn & Bos) • Straight-forward translation would interject ACE’s ontology/encoding scheme • Translation must map from ACE’s ontology to another, perhaps PSL • Similar to CELT’s mapping of Word. Net to the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO)

Encoding Scheme Examples • Nouns and verbs have semantic type; person, object, time, or unspecified for nouns, event, state, or unspecified for verbs – e. g. object(A, named_entity, person) • Properties are encoded using property – e. g. green(A) property(A, green) • Predicates are encoded using predicate – e. g. enter(A, B) predicate(P, event, enter, A, B)

Slate Reading Example

Input Text Security searches every foreigner that boards a plane. Abdul is an Iranian. He boards DL 846.

Parse Trees

DRS

Multi-Sorted Logic (Using Inverse Encoding Map) 1. A (Security(A) B, C ((foreigner(B) plane(C) board(B, C)) search(A, B))) 2. AB (Abdul(A) Iranian(A) DL 846(B) board(A, B))

References Allen, J. & Barthe, K. (2004), ‘Introductory Overview of Controlled Languages’, Invited talk for the Society for Technical Communication. Presentation. Blackburn, P. & Bos, J. (Forthcoming), Working with Discourse Representation Theory: An Advanced Course in Computational Semantics. Forthcoming. Fuchs, N. E. , Hoefler, S. , Kaljurand, K. , Schneider, G. & Schwertel, U. (2005), Extended Discourse Representation Structures in Attempto Controlled English, Technical Report ifi-2005. 08, Department of Informatics, University of Zurich, Switzerland. Fuchs, N. E. , Kaljurand, K. , Rinaldi, F. & Schneider, G. (2005), A Parser for Attempto Controlled English, Technical Report IST 506779/Zurich/I 2 D 3/D/PU, REWERSE. Hoefler, S. (2004), The Syntax of Attempto Controlled English: An Abstract Grammar for ACE 4. 0, Technical Report ifi-2004. 03, Department of Informatics, University of Zurich, Switzerland. Fuchs, N. E. , Schwertel, U. & Schwitter, R. (1999), Attempto Controlled English (ACE) Language Manual, Version 3. 0, Technical Report 99. 03, Department of Computer Science, University of Zurich, Switzerland. ISO (2001), Industrial automation system and integration — Process specification language, Committee Draft ISO/CD 18629 -1, International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Kamp, H. & Reyle, U. (1993), From Discourse to Logic: Introduction to Model-theoretic Semantics of Natural Language, Formal Logic and Discourse Representation Theory, 1 edn, Springer. Mollá, D. & Schwitter, R. (2001), From Plain English to Controlled English, in ‘Proceedings of the 2001 Australasian Natural Language Processing Workshop’, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, pp. 77– 83. Pease, A. & Fellbaum, C. (2004), Language to Logic Translation with Phrase. Bank, in ‘Proceedings of the Second International Word. Net Conference (GWC 2004)’, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic, pp. 187– 192. Pease, A. & Murray, W. (2003), An English to Logic Translator for Ontology-based Knowledge Representation Languages, in ‘Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering’, Beijing, China, pp. 777– 783.