Shakespeares Language It is not as difficult as

Shakespeare’s Language It is not as difficult as it seems.

Language Change Languages do not just happen – they are the result of many of hundreds and even thousands of years of development. The English as we know it is relatively new and is in a constant state of change. Every day hundreds of new words enter the language and many are dropped. In addition, the English language is spoken in many dialects around the world.

• The English language contains about 300, 000 words, but your vocabulary is about 3000 and you get by on a daily basis with about 150. • By contrast, William Shakespeare had a vocabulary of 15, 000 words and invented many of the words and phrases that we still use today. • Let’s take a look at Old English - how many people think Shakespeare wrote…

Old English – the following passage is from the time of King Alfred or about 800 A. D. • Faeder ure thu eart on heofonum, si thin nama gehalgod. Tobecume thin rice. Gewurthe thin willa on eorthan swa on heofonum. • Do you think you know what it means?

Middle English – the same phrase is written as it would have appeared in the time of Geoffrey Chaucer (1320 -1384) • Oure fadir that art in heuenes, halwid be thi name; thi kyngdom cumme to; be thi wille don as in heuen and in erthe; gif to us this day ouer breed oure substaunce; and forgeue uo us oure dettis as we forgeue to oure dettours … • Does this one make a little more sense?

Modern English – here is the same passage as it appeared in 1611 or about the time of Shakespeare. • Our father, which art in Heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come; thy will be done on earth as it is in Heaven. Give us this day, our daily bread; and forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors, and lead us not into temptation … • So is Shakespeare’s language all that different?

• Learning to read Shakespeare is a bit like learning a foreign language, but it is well worth the effort. • Here a few tricks to understanding Shakespeare.

1. Thou, thee and thy – These mean you, and your, respectively. These words dropped out of our language a couple centuries ago, but Shakespeare uses them. The verb that is used with “thou” changes as well. • Example: “ Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit, Wilt thou not Jule? ” • Translation: You will fall backward when you have more wit, Will you not, Jule?

2. Inversion – Sometimes Shakespeare will invert the verb and the subject. • For instance, he might write, “Went I to Bellarmine. ” instead of “I Went to Bellarmine. ” • Example: “Then dreams he of another’s benefice. ” • Translation: He dreams of another’s benefice.

3. Diction – There are three problems with Shakespeare’s word choice. • First - he uses words that no longer exist in the English we speak. • Second - he uses words that are in our language, but now have a different meaning to us. • Third – he uses words that are in our language, but we simply don’t know what these words mean – you should look them up.

Some translations to help you … still = always soft = slowly, gently mark = listen an = if fell = cruel, fierce, deadly to-night = last night perforce = we must, you must kind = true to one’s nature ay = yes fain = gladly marry = swear word anon = at once plague, pox, ague = disease wherefore= why THESE ARE JUST A FEW OF THE DIFFICULT WORDS …

4. Contractions – for purposes of rhythm Shakespeare uses contractions to cut out syllables. • Examples: – o’ = on – th’ = the – i’ = in – ‘t – it – ta’en = taken – ‘em = them – ‘a = he (often) – o’er = over

Copy these lines down and translate them on a separate piece of paper. 1. For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night. 2. Tickling a parson’s nose as a’ lies asleep. 3. O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo? 4. Do not swear at all/ or, if thou wilt, swear by thy gracious self … 5. A plague a both your houses. 6. Tybalt, liest thou there in thy bloody sheet?

Shakespeare’s Effect on the English Language • 12, 000 words entered the English language between 1500 and 1650 (about half are still in use today) • Shakespeare coined 2, 035 words (Hamlet alone has 600 new words) bloody, hurry, generous, impartial, obscene, majestic, road critical, frugal, dwindle, extract, horrid, vast are just a few examples!

Shakespeare’s phrases are now clichés: one fell swoop, into thin air, fast and loose, in a pickle, budge and inch, cold comfort, flesh and blood, foul play, tower of strength, heart of gold, bated breath, too much of a good thing

More phrases: I couldn’t sleep a wink. He was dead as a doornail. She’s a tower of strength. They hoodwinked us. We’d better lie low for a while. It’s all Greek to me.

Did Shakespeare always write in iambic pentameter? On average… 70% blank verse 5% rhymed verse 25% prose

Blank verse – unrhymed iambic pentameter Rhymed verse – couplets of iambic pentameter Prose – no poetic structure

Prose – ordinary speech or writing, without a specific meter Prose is used to: • Demonstrate a familiar relationship • To signify a character’s low status • When the rational is contrasted with the emotional

The poetic form used by Shakespeare is iambic pentameter Iambic pentameter is a rhythmic pattern of syllables. • A stressed syllable is followed by an unstressed syllable. • Divine • Caress • Bizarre

An example from Macbeth The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step On which I must fall down, or else o’ er-leap For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires! Let not the light see my black and deep desires. da. DUM The iambic rhythm is repeated five times.

The beat pattern, called the meter, is also the reason that a character’s lines may start way over from the left margin. Two characters may share one 5 -beat line! Demetrius: Quick, come. Hermia: Lysander, whereto tends all this?

Shakespeare will sometimes end his iambic pentameter on an unstressed syllable so that the last foot sounds like da. DUMda • To be or not to be, that is the question. • Is this a dagger which I see before me?

Rhyming Verse • Rhyming couplets often appear at the end of monologues/scenes as a cue to actors backstage • Some scenes in Shakespeare’s comedies are written entirely in rhyming couplets

Punctuation • As you read Shakespeare’s poetry, it will help if you read all the way to the period. Do not stop at the end of the line. • Read his plays just like you would read his poetry There had she not been long but she became A joyful mother of two goodly sons; And, which was strange, this one so like the other As could not be distinguish’d but by names.