Severe Weather Solar Heating and Latitude Solar Heating
- Slides: 108
Severe Weather
Solar Heating and Latitude
Solar Heating and the Seasons
Relationship of sun angle and solar radiation received on Earth
Solar Heating and Atmospheric Circulation Ø Air at high elevations: l l l Cooler Expands Water vapor tends to condense Ø Air at sea level: l l l Warmer More compressed Can hold more water vapor
Air Circulation & Convection Currents
Coriolis Force
Atmospheric Circulation & Convection Cells
Air masses are classified on the basis of their source region
Fronts Ø Types of fronts l Warm front • • • Warm air replaces cooler air Shown on a map by a line with semicircles Small slope (1: 200) Clouds become lower as the front nears Slow rate of advance Light-to-moderate precipitation
Fronts Ø Types of fronts l Cold front • • • Cold air replaces warm air Shown on a map by a line with triangles Twice as steep (1: 100) as warm fronts Advances faster than a warm front Associated weather is more violent than a warm front
Cold Fronts and Warm Fronts
Rotating Air Bodies Ø Bends in the polar jet create troughs and ridges Ø Forms cyclones and anticyclones
Rotating Air Bodies Ø Low Pressure Zone Formation l l l Warm air rises Creates a low pressure zone At the Earth’s surface, air “feeds” the low pressure zone, moves counterclockwise Ø High Pressure Zone Formation l l l Cool air sinks Creates a high pressure zone At the Earth’s surface, winds blow clockwise
Cyclones and Anticyclones
Types of Severe Weather Ø Thunderstorms Ø Snow / Rain storms Ø Mid-latitude cyclones l l Blizzards Tornadoes Ø Tropical cyclones l l l Typhoons in the western Pacific Cyclones in the Indian Ocean Hurricanes in the U. S.
Stages in the development of a thunderstorm
Thunderstorms Ø How Lightning Works
Thunderstorms
Lightning Varieties cloud-to-ground Blue jets Cloud discharge Red sprites Ball lightning Elves (NOVA: Science Now – Lightning http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3214/02. html)
Lightning Varieties Volcanic Lightning Nuclear Lightning Triggered Lightning (NOVA: Science Now – Lightning http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3214/02. html)
Thunderstorms Ø Lightning - Don’t Get Struck! l l Boating or swimming – get away from the water. Try to take shelter in: • • • l substantial, permanent, enclosed structures. a car, truck or other hard-topped vehicle. an area protected by a low clump of trees. No shelter available? • Find a low-lying, open place away from trees, poles/metal objects and water. • Make yourself the smallest target possible. • Do not lie flat, as this makes you a larger target.
Severe weather types Ø Tornadoes l How a Tornado Forms • Moist air from Gulf of Mexico • Fast moving cold, dry air mass from Canada • Jet stream moving east at 150 mph • Sets up shearing conditions
Severe weather types Ø Tornadoes l How a Tornado Forms • Warm moist Gulf air releases latent heat, creates strong updraft • Updraft sheared by polar air, then twisted in a different direction by jet stream
Severe weather types Ø Tornadoes l l Why do some thunderstorms spawn tornadoes while others do not? Super Cell Thunderstorms
Severe weather types Ø Tornadoes l The Fujita-Pearson Scale • The size of a tornado is not necessarily an indication of its intensity!
Tornadoes Ø “Tornado Capitol of the World” l CNN’s “ 10 deadliest U. S. tornadoes” Source: cnn. com
Tornadoes Ø Tri-State Tornado, 18 March 1925 l Largest tornado known • Travelled 353 km (219 mi) across Missouri, Illinois and Indiana • Widest swath recorded - 1 mi in diameter l l In this photo, engineers examine a board that the tornado's high-speed winds drove through a larger plank. cnn. com Devastated 23 cities Killed 695 people and injured 2, 027
Tornadoes Ø The Super Outbreak, 3 -4 April 1974 l l 5 weather systems collided Dry air from the SW overrode moist Gulf air, creating an inversion layer Gulf air pushed through the inversion layer Thunderstorms developed
Tornadoes Ø The Super Outbreak, 3 -4 April 1974 l 147 tornadoes • 6 F 5 tornadoes l l 13 states 16 hours
Tornadoes Ø Why don’t tornadoes strike large cities? l l l Occur over large regions Cities are relatively small targets Oklahoma City Tornado (1999)
Tornadoes Ø Safe Rooms l l Best ones are underground Some are above ground
Mid-latitude Cyclones Ø Idealized weather l Middle-latitude cyclones move eastward across the United States • First signs of their approach are in the western sky • Require two to four days to pass over a region l Largest weather contrasts occur in the spring
Mid-latitude Cyclones
Mid-latitude Cyclones Ø Nor’easters l The Eastern U. S. “White Hurricane” of 1993 • AKA “Storm of the Century” • Three storm fronts all converged with a trough in the jet stream • Collision began in Florida, and moved up the eastern seaboard with the jet stream • 238 people died from Cuba to Canada • 48 sailors lost at sea
2 3 1. Low pressure zone from Gulf of Mexico – lots of thunderstorms 2. Trough in jet stream drew in fast-moving arctic front 1 X 3. Trough also drew in a rain/snow front from the Pacific
Mid-latitude Cyclones Ø Blizzards l Form when a long cyclone brings • • • l l Cold 60 km/hr winds Freezing temperatures Lots of snow Can travel very slowly Storm itself usually doesn’t kill • Shoveling snow, auto accidents, etc.
Mid-latitude Cyclones Ø Blizzards l Northeastern United States, 6 -8 January 1996 • Storm centered on Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and New Jersey • 50 mph winds, record snow falls • 154 people died • Warm, wet weather immediately followed • 187 people died
Mid-latitude Cyclones Ø Ice Storms l Formation: • Falling snow and ice melt, change to rain, then freeze again as they reach the ground • Sleet • Freezing rain
Mid-latitude Cyclones Ø Ice Storms l Canadian Ice Storm, 5 -9 January 1998 • 80 hours of freezing rain • Power systems collapsed l l l had to be completely replaced People without power for up to 4 weeks 16 U. S. and 28 Canadian deaths • Damages l l $1. 4 billion for the U. S. $3 billion for Canada Source: cnn. com
Hurricanes
Hurricanes Ø Only natural disaster that is given a human name Ø Actually large tropical cyclones Ø Convert heat in the ocean into winds Ø Exports excess heat from the tropics to the midlatitudes
Hurricanes Ø How a Hurricane Works l Tropical disturbance • Low pressure zone develops and draws in clusters of thunderstorms and winds
Hurricanes Ø How a Hurricane Works l l Tropical disturbance Tropical depression • Surface winds strengthen, move about the center of the storm • Central core funnels warm moist air up towards stratosphere • Air cools, vapor condenses, latent heat released • Fuels more updrafts, cycle repeats, storm grows
Hurricanes Ø How a Hurricane Works l l l Tropical disturbance Tropical depression Tropical Storm • Storm has sustained surface wind speeds of +39 mph
Hurricanes Ø How a Hurricane Works l l Tropical disturbance Tropical depression Tropical Storm Hurricane • Surface winds consistently over 74 mph
Hurricanes Ø How a Hurricane Works l l l Tropical disturbance Tropical depression Tropical Storm Hurricane The Eye • As wind speed increases, winds are spiraled upwards prior to reaching the center • A distinctive clear “eye” is formed • Strongest winds are located on the walls of the eye
Hurricane Wind Patterns
Hurricane Origins Ø Form in the tropics ~ 5° and 20 ° latitude Ø Cannot form at the equator (Coriolis effect = 0)
Hurricanes Ø Hurricane Damages l Storm Surges • Large mound of water builds up beneath the eye • Reaches land as a surge of water
Hurricanes Ø Hurricane Damages l Storm Surges • Wind speed varies depending upon which side of the hurricane you’re on • Amount of damage on the coastline will vary accordingly
Hurricanes Ø Hurricane Damages l l l Heavy Rains Mudflows and Debris Avalanches Flooding
Hurricanes Ø Hurricane paths l l Curves due to Coriolis affect Storms must go around high • Strong and large – storms to Atlantic seaboard • Small and to the north – storms may miss the U. S.
Hurricane Paths
Forecasting the Hurricane Season Ø Frequency of hurricanes in the North Atlantic is affected by climate l l l Wet Sahel region in Africa = more thunderstorms Warm SST = more energy for tropical depressions Low atmospheric pressure in Caribbean = more cyclones
Forecasting the Hurricane Season Ø The La Nina / El Nino Connection l l La Nina present in Pacific = more winds to move storms El Nino present in the Pacific = less winds, disrupts storms
Cape Verde-type Hurricanes Begin as low pressure storms in western Africa Ø Travel west within the trade wind belt Ø Strengthen as they reach subtropical waters Ø Trade winds move cyclone westward Ø Coriolis affect moves the storms northward Ø
How Hurricanes Form (source: AP. org)
Cape Verde-type Hurricanes Ø Hurricane Katrina in Florida l Thursday, Aug. 25, 2005 • Category 1 hurricane • Crossed the southern tip of Florida then headed into the Gulf of Mexico. AP’s Hurricane Tracker (flash file) | AP’s Katrina’s Impact (flash file)
Cape Verde-type Hurricanes Ø Katrina in Florida l Facts: • • Eleven Deaths Evacuations ordered Numerous power outages Damages est. from $600 million to $2 billion.
Katrina in Florida Ø Storm waves Russell Crossey and his dog get a serious soaking Thursday on the north jetty of the Boynton Inlet in Manalapan, Florida, as huge waves, whipped up by Katrina, break against the wall. (cnn. com) Keena Baker took this photo of waves hitting the Dan Russell Municipal Pier in Panama City Beach. The pier is still damaged from Hurricane Dennis that hit Florida in July. (cnn. com)
Katrina in Florida Ø Flooding This south Miami Heights neighborhood is sinking in floods after a visit from Hurricane Katrina. (cnn. com) South Miami-Dade County as seen during a fire department aerial reconnaissance mission in the wake of Hurricane Katrina on August 26, 2005. Photograph courtesy Lt. Eric Baum/Miami-Dade Fire Rescue (nationalgeographic. com)
August 29: Louisiana Category 4 August 25 -26: Florida Category 1
Katrina in the Gulf States cbsnews. com
Cape Verde-type Hurricanes Ø Katrina in the Gulf States l (Mario Tama/Getty Images) Emergency Shelter • Not everyone could evacuate • 10, 000+ people took shelter in the Louisiana Superdome (cnn. com)
Cape Verde-type Hurricanes Ø Katrina in the Gulf States l Storm Surge • 20+ feet (6 m) at Louisiana / Mississippi border • 10 feet (3 m) at Mobile Bay, Alabama A casino barge sits among homes in Biloxi (Photo: AP) (cbsnews. com) The storm surge from Hurricane Katrina floods a parking lot in downtown Mobile, Ala. (AP Photo/Michelle Rolls, Mobile Register)
Cape Verde-type Hurricanes Ø Katrina in the Gulf States The I-90 bridge over St. Louis Bay is the end of the road after the high winds and waves of Hurricane Katrina hit the area destroying the bridge. (AFP/Paul J. Richards) A boat sits among trailers damaged by Hurricane Katrina Wednesday, Aug. 31, 2005, in Gulfport, Miss. (AP Photo/David J. Phillip) A casino barge damaged by Hurricane Katrina sits on the road Wednesday, Aug. 31, 2005, in Gulfport, Miss. (AP Photo/David J. Phillip)
Cape Verde-type Hurricanes Ø Katrina in the Gulf States l High Winds Debris from the storm in Mississippi. (Mississippi Press-Register, William Colgin/AP Photo) (abcnews. com) Trees litter New Orleans streets after Hurricane Katrina pounded the city on Aug. 29, 2005. (Dave Martin/AP Photo) (abcnews. com)
Katrina in the Gulf States cbsnews. com
Katrina in the Gulf States cnn. com
Cape Verde-type Hurricanes Ø Katrina in the Gulf States l Urban Flooding The Mound Underpass on Interstate 10 is flooded near downtown New Orleans on Monday. (cnn. com) Floodwaters from Hurricane Katrina fill the streets near downtown New Orleans Tuesday, Aug. 30, 2005 in New Orleans. (AP Photo/David J. Phillip)
Cape Verde-type Hurricanes Ø Katrina in the Gulf States l Urban Flooding Oil slick in water surrounding a house in New Orleans (AFP/Pool/Vincent Laforet) A toxic film spreads over the water near a flooded home in a lakeside area in New Orleans, Louisiana. (AFP/Getty Images/Dave Einsel)
Cape Verde-type Hurricanes Ø Katrina in the Gulf States l Urban Flooding / Levee Failure REUTERS/Marc Serota
Cape Verde-type Hurricanes Ø Katrina in the Gulf States l Structural Damage A toppled brick wall in the French Quarter. Photograph by Mario Tama/Getty Images (nationalgeographic. com An old building near the French Quarter in New Orleans is severely damaged by the storm Monday. (cnn. com)
Cape Verde-type Hurricanes Ø Katrina in the Gulf States l Indirect effects ü Lack of electricity / power ü Lack of telecommunications ü Lack of clean water ü Lack of food / water / clothing / medicine ü Lack of health care ü Lack of employment ü Shelter compromised ü Access to personal funds compromised ü Increased “critter” activity (snakes, alligators)
Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico-type Hurricanes Ø Form in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) – Caribbean Sea & Gulf of Mexico Ø SW blowing Trade Winds of the N Hemisphere collide with the NW blowing Trade Winds of the S Hemisphere Ø ITCZ moves with the tilt of the Earth’s axis
Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico-type Hurricanes
Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico-type Hurricanes Ø Mitch, October 1998 l l l Formed in the Caribbean Sea Within 36 hours it was a hurricane Stalled off the Honduras & Nicaragua coast • 25 -75” of rain fell over three days
Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico-type Hurricanes Ø Mitch, October 1998 l Nicaragua: • 3800 people killed • 2000 killed when a crater lake overflowed and created a lahar l 15 day total: l Honduras: • 6500 people killed • 20% of population left homeless • 60% of roads unusable • 70% of crops destroyed • 11, 000 people died • Second deadliest hurricane on record
Hurricanes and the Gulf of Mexico Coastline Ø Gulf of Mexico Coast Example: Texas l l l Passive coastline Lots of barrier islands and broad, flat beaches Low in elevation
Hurricanes and the Gulf of Mexico Coastline Ø Galveston, Texas, September 1900 l l l l Built on a low-lying sand island 38, 000 residents in 1900 Hurricane warning issued, many evacuated Hurricane hit the island in the afternoon Covered the entire island with water 6000 people died Half the houses destroyed, in addition to all forms of communication
Hurricanes and the Atlantic Coastline Ø The Evacuation Dilemma l l l Population growth exceeds building of new roads Need to evacuate several days in advance No guarantee that the hurricane will strike the area evacuated
Oblique aerial photographs taken on Topsail Island, North Carolina before and after Hurricane Fran in 1996. The yellow arrows point out the same buildings in both photos. Note the destroyed buildings, the overwash, and the damaged road in the post-storm photo on the right.
Reduction of Hurricane Damages Ø Building Codes l Roofs • • • Make it either easier or harder for roof to lift off Strap roof to walls Ban use of staples to secure roofing materials
Reduction of Hurricane Damages Ø Building Codes l Impact of Wind-borne Debris • • • Protect windows Pick up around the house Landscape with native species
Reduction of Hurricane Damages Ø Land-Use Planning Ø Coastal Development Restrictions
Global Rise in Sea Level Ø Average rise 1 foot per century Ø Response is to build seawalls l Cause more harm than good
Hurricanes and the Pacific Coastline Ø Pauline, October 1997 Ø Iniki, September 1992
Cyclones and Bangladesh
Cyclones and Bangladesh
Cyclones and The Bay of Bengal Ø Bangladesh l Has one of the worst records for natural disasters ü Floods ü Cyclones ü Tidal surges ü Tornadoes ü Droughts ü and even cold spells.
Cyclones and The Bay of Bengal Ø Bangladesh l 1971 • Over 1, 000 people dead • country's entire infrastructure on the south coast was wiped out. l 1991 • Cyclone killed nearly 140, 000 people, most of them women and children. • Government cyclone shelter program
Cyclones and The Bay of Bengal Ø The Indian “Super Cyclone” 1999 l l Hit the Indian state of Orissa hardest Indian officials state that “development in the state has been set back an entire generation”
Cyclones and The Bay of Bengal Ø The Indian “Super Cyclone” 1999 l Orissa is one of India’s poorest states • • • India's highest infant mortality rate 2/3 of the rural population living in abject poverty lowest number of doctors per capita Lack of electricity and water < 5% of the population has access to subsidies for food and fuel aimed at poverty-alleviation.
Cyclones and The Bay of Bengal Ø The Indian “Super Cyclone” 1999 l Most of the damage caused by ü Storm surge ü Heavy rainfall ü Flooding
Oct 29 Landfall Oct 27 Hurricane Oct 26 Tropical Storm Nov 01 Tropical Disturbance Oct 24 Disturbance forms
Cyclones and The Bay of Bengal An aerial view of the heavily-damaged Paradip port, where the cyclone made landfall. Large areas of Orissa are still under water & entire villages are feared to be submerged.
Cyclones and The Bay of Bengal Ø The Indian “Super Cyclone” 1999 l The Human Cost • As of 10 th November 1999 the death toll was estimated at 7, 500, but expected to rise to near 10, 000. • Over ten million were affected by the cyclone of which at least a million have been made homeless.
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