Settling the Northern Colonies Chapter 3 The Protestant

Settling the Northern Colonies Chapter 3

The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism

Protestant Reformation w Worked its way across Europe through the 1600 s

John Calvin Protestant reformer w Geneva w Elaborated Martin Luther ideas w Calvinism dominates credo of American settlers w

John Calvin

Institutes of the Christian Religion Calvin book in 1536 w Elect - those who were chosen to go to heaven w Predestination - pre-destined to go to heaven (God knew all ) w

More on Calvinism No one could be certain of his or her salvation w constantly sought to be better themselves and seek signs of conversion or saving grace w

More still. . . w Intense identifiable experience • expected to lead sanctified lives • they were among the “visible saints”

w They swept through England at the time Henry VIII was breaking with the Church • Reformers want to change and purify Church of England • Puritans come from depressed woolen district • fed on social discontent • want to de-Catholicize Church of England

Visible saints had to share Church of England with all king’s subjects. w Separatists want to break away from Church of England. w King James I was afraid that they would question his political authority • bothered the Separatists w

The Pilgrims End their pilgrimage at Plymouth

English Puritans escaping to America

Dutchification Separatist left England for tolerant Holland w Afraid kids were becoming too Dutch w

Decide to settle in Virginia Company’s jurisdiction Sailed on Mayflower in 1620 w Myles Standish would prove indespensible w

Mayflower

Chose Plymouth Bay Outside domain of Virginia Company w Had no legal rights (squatters) w

Mayflower Compact Agreement to form crude government to submit to will of majority w Adult males were soon meeting to form own laws w Precedent for later written constitutions w

Signing the Mayflower Compact

Winter 1620 -1621 Brutal w 44 of 102 survive w None left for England w

First Thanksgiving Next fall brought bountiful harvest w Found economy in fur, fish, and lumber w Proved that England could survive in rugged new world w

First Thanksgiving

William Bradford Leader of Pilgrims w Scholar w Governor 30 times w Afraid that ungodly would destroy holy experiment w

William Bradford

Other settlements sprout to north of Plymouth w Merge with larger Massachusetts Bay later on

The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth

w Moderate Puritans sought to change Church from within • Persecuted by William Laud and Parliament dismissed in 1629 • Things going badly

Massachusetts Bay Colony Puritans fearing for their faith w Establish a sizable settlement w Took charter with them • Used as kind of a Constitution w

Well equipped settlement 11 vessels carrying 1000 people w More Puritans soon followed because of turmoil in England • Actually more Puritans settle in West Indies than in New England w

John Winthrop One of many wealthy settlers w Governor of Massachusetts after calling from God w Helped New England prosper w Biggest and most influential colony w

John Winthrop

Had shared sense of purpose “As a city on a hill” w Believed that they should build a holy society w

Building the Bay Colony

Common convictions shaped colony life Voting was extended to all freemen (adult males belonging to the church) w Because known as Congregationalists w 2/5 of males could vote • Larger percentage than in England w Town meetings include property owners and others w

Governor Winthrop distrusted Democracy “If the people be governors, who shall be governed” w Freemen elected governors and General. Court w • Only Puritans can be freemen • Purpose of government to enforce God’s law which applied to all • Believers and non-believers paid taxes to support the church

Relgious leaders had great influence John Cotton Puritan leader of colony and church w Extremely relgious w Preached up to 6 hours a day w

Separation of church & state supported Puritans had suffered too much at hands of Anglicans in England w Clergy hired by congregation and salary set by them w Clergymen barred from holding formal political office w

Puritans worldly despite religious intensity Protestant ethic - serious commitment to work w Enjoy simple pleasures w • At, drank, sang and made love monogamously • passed laws to keep these pleasures simple w Connecticut Blue Laws to repress worldly pleasures

Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth

Trouble In the Commonwealth w Dissension soon appears • Quakers defy Puritans • Fined and beaten and even hung w Anne Hutchinson • Defies Puritans • Antinomianism - holy life no sign of God’s salvation

Anne Hutchinson "As I understand it, laws, commands, rules and edicts are for those who have not the light which makes plain the pathway. " Anne Hutchinson w

More on Anne. . . Brought to trial in 1638 w Said she had direct revelation from God w • Worse heresy w Family moved to New York • Almost all were killed by Indians

Roger Williams w w w Threat to Puritans Salem minister Want clean break with Church of England Challenged Bay Colonies treatment of Indians Denied authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior • against government’s very purpose to Puritans

Roger Williams

More on Roger Williams w Guilty of disseminating dangerous opinions • Banished • Puritans want to exile him to England

The Rhode Island “Sewer”

w Williams flees to Providence Rhode Island builds the first Baptist Church in America • Complete freedom of religion (Catholics and Jews) • No oaths regarding religious beliefs • No compulsory attendance at worship • No taxes supporting the church • Helped Quakers…

• Treated Indians fairly • most liberal colony w Much freedom to vote • Later to property ownership

Rogues Island Malcontents from Massachusetts Bay w Anne Hutchinson for a while w

Independent and Individualistic Traditional home of the otherwise minded w Gets charter in 1644 w

New England Spreads Out

Hartford settled in 1635 Thomas Hooker w Fertile Ground w

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1639 Modern constitution w Established a democratic regime • Controlled by substantial citizens • Later used to make its state constitution w

New Haven 1638 Founded by Puritans w Want to make it closer to God w Fell in disfavor with King Charles II for harboring judges who were not liked by his father w 1662 Crown grants charter to merge Hartford and New Haven w

Sir Ferdinando Gorges 1623 helped founded land north of Massachusetts w Absorbed by Massachusetts Bay in 1641 w Known today as Maine w

New Hampshire Fishing and trading activities along its coast w Absorbed also by Massachusetts in 1641 w King split because of greed by Massachusetts Bay in 1679 and made it a royal colony w

Puritans Versus Indians

Spread of English will lead to clash with Indians weak w 3/4 killed by disease w

Wampanoag Indians Try to befriend settlers w Squanto helped the settlers w Chief Massasoit signed treaty in 1621 • Helped them celebrate the 1 st Thankgiving w

Wampanoag Indian

Pequot Tribe erupts in 1637 Pequots attacked by militia and Narrangansett Indians w Pequot War ends with Pequots being wiped out w

Critics in New England at Puritan treatment of Indians Try to convert Indians w Feeble attempt w

Metacom or King Philip Forget Indian alliance and attack settlers w Many fell back to coastal towns w King Philip’s War ends in 1676 w • • w Towns destroyed Metacom’s wife and child sold into slavery Metacom beheaded Many fell back to coastal towns slowed westward march for several decades

Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence

New England Confederation Formed in 1643 w Formed for defense against Indians, maybe French and Dutch w England in midst of civil war and depended upon themselves w Each colony had only 2 votes Massachusetts didn’t like this w

Puritan club Massachusetts (Plymouth and Bay) Connecticut (New Haven and settlements) colonies w Rhode Island Maine not allowed in w First step in colonial unity w • Valuable experience in dealing with each other

Neglect of colonies during English civil war w Became semiautonomous

Charles II restored to throne in 1660 Puritans hopes of purifying church of England fade quickly w Charles II wants active role in managing colonies • Decades of relative independence creates conflicts w

Massachusetts the most defiant to kings laws w Charles punishes Massachusetts • Gives Connecticut sea to sea charter and legalized squatters • Rhode Island receives its charter as tolerant colony • Bay Colony charter revoked in 1684

Andros Promotes the First American Revolution

Dominion of New England created in 1686 Humiliates Massachusetts w Created by London to include all of New England later New York and Jersey w Created for defense w

Navigation Laws Promoted administration of colonies w London wants to limit trade with England’s enemies w Colonists began smuggling w

Sir Edmond Andros w w w Head of Dominion of New England Colonists hostile towards him Headquarters in defiant Boston Affiliated with Church of England Soldiers accused of breaking local blue laws

Andros gets tough Curb town meetings w restricted court and press and schools w taxed without consent of people w tries to enforce unpopular Navigation Laws w

Glorious Revolution Before New England could act, Old England institutes the Glorious Revolution w Takes King out and places William and Mary in w Dominion of New England collapses w Andros caught trying to escape and sent back to England w

William and Mary

Massachusetts made a royal charter Puritans never recover w All male property owners can vote now w

Glorious Revolution felt in colonies Monarch institute period of salutary neglect w Navigation Laws weakened w

Charles II left some things More English officials in colonies w Appointed by influential England patrons • They were usually inept and could care less about anything by lining pockets • They were resented by colonists w

Old Netherlanders at New Netherland

Dutch rebel against Spanish in late 1600 s Aided by English w Golden Age of Dutch History • Emerges as major commercial and navy power • Fought 3 wars with England w

Becomes a leading colonial power Big in East Indies w Dutch East India Company is a huge power w

Henry Hudson Englishman employed by Dutch w Sailed into New York harbor and Hudson River in 1609 w Looking for short cut through Americas w Claimed for Holland w

Dutch West India Company In Caribbean w Interested in looting than establishing colonies w Had outposts in Africa, Brazil, and Caribbean w

New Netherlands established by DWIC in 1623 -24 Want fur trade w Bought Manhatten Island from Indians w

Company town run by and for DWIC No toleration for freedoms w Governors harsh w

Becomes aristocratic w Patroonships - feudal estates • Granted to promoters who took 50 settlers with them

New Amsterdam Attracts colorful array of people w Many languages spoken on the street w

Friction with England Swedish and Neighbors

Dutch colony hurt from beginning Directors cruel w Shareholders want dividends at expense of settlers w Indians retaliate for cruelties - Wall Street w

New England against Dutch settlers w Some want to attack and wipe out the Dutch colony

Swedish establish colony on Dutch ground in 1638 Sweden had entered into its golden age w Wants to get in settlement game w

Peter Stuyvesant Leads Dutch against Swedes w Fort falls without blood w New Sweden fades away but not without leaving its imprint on American society • Log cabins, place names w

Peter Stuyvesant

Dutch Residues in New York

Dutch threatened Dutch always threatened by larger and more powerful New England w Charles II grants Duke of York this area for British w Navy appears in harbor and takes over without a shot • Dutch outmanned and out gunned • Re-name to New York w

Growth retarded Aristocratic and autocratic spirit survives w Rich new governors give large estates to rich families w Monopolistic land policies and lordly atmosphere hurts growth w

Dutch leave imprint on America Place names - Harlem, Brooklyn w Gambrel - roofed architecture w social customs, folkways w Easter eggs, Santa Clause, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, golf w

Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania

Quakers rose up as dissenters in England during 1600 s Quaked when they were under deep religious emotion w Religious Society of Friends w

The Quakers meeting

Offensive to authority w w w Would not pay taxes to support Church Spoke up themselves at meetings Kept hats on when meeting betters Thee’s and thou’s Would not take oath

People of deep conviction Turn the other cheek w Simple, devout, democratic people w

William Penn Wellborn Englishman w Joined Quakers in 1660 w Branded w Other Quakers killed w

Young William Penn

Wants to create new society in New World Quaker Haven w Experiment with government w Gets charter in 1681 as debt to his father w Penn’s Woodland w

Best advertised colony Paid agents distributed pamphlets printed in many languages w Truthful w wants substantial citizens w liberal land policies attract people w

Quaker Pennsylvania and its Neighbors

Philly launched in 1681 Squatters already there w well-planned city w

Bought land from Indians Fair treatment of Indians meant people could go along without arms w Brief period of peaceful American - Indian relations w

Quaker’s very tolerant of others Led to undoing w Non-Quaker groups undermined Quaker principles w Especially Scots-Irish w

Liberal government w w w w Representative assembly elected by landowners No tax supported church Freedom of worship guaranteed Death penalty only for treason and murder No military defense No restrictions on immigrants Disliked slavery

Attract rich mixture of people Afforded economic opportunity, civil liberty and religious freedom w Blue laws restricted many activities w

Grew quickly w Became a large colony by 1700

William Penn dies Governors incompetent w Penn in jail - dies later w Legacy of noble experiment in government w Ideals were the true beacon to the rest of the world w

New Jersey 1664 w w w Settled by Quakers Bought from New York West Jersey sold to Quakers in 1674 as a sanctuary Quakers also bought East New Jersey Combined in 1702

Delaware Remained under Penn until Revolution w Mostly Swedish and Quakers w

Middle Way in Middle Colonies

Middle colonies w New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania all hold certain features in common. . .

w 1. Soil was fertile • Bread colonies w 2. Rivers played an important role • Trapped fur • Called for adventurers into backcountry • Few waterfalls which meant little manufacturing

w 3. Growth of industry • • Lumber Shipbuilding Stimulates commerce and growth of seaports Even Albany a descent port

w 4. Between New England Southern colonies • Landholdings usually intermediate (except New York) • Local government between New England town meeting and country government of South

w 5. Distinctions from rest of country • • • Most ethnically mixed Religious toleration Democratic control Quaker promote human freedom Economic and social democracy

w 6. Ben Franklin moves to Philadelphia in 1720 at age of 17 • The most representative American

Colonies coming to life in 1700 s English pretty much left them alone w People fashion their own governments, run churches develop intercolonial trade w

The End (or is it…? )

w IS THIS JUST THE BEGINNING