Session 4 Coal statistics United Nations Statistics Division

Session 4: Coal statistics United Nations Statistics Division International Workshop on Energy Statistics 24 -26 September 2012, Beijing, China

World commercial primary energy production 2009 Hard Coal Brown Coal 25% 7% Peat & Oil Shale. 1%

Total commercial primary energy production 1970 -2009

Outline • Classification • Measurement units • Statistical units • Data items • Data sources • Current UNSD Questionnaire • Common problems

SIEC Classification • SIEC 0: Coal • SIEC 1: Peat and Peat products • SIEC 2: Oil shale / oil sands

SIEC 0: Coal 01 Hard Coal 011 Anthracite 012 Bituminous Coal 0121 Coking coal 0129 Other bituminous coal 02 Brown Coal 021 Lignite 022 Sub-bituminous coal

03 Coal Products 031 032 033 034 035 Coal Coke Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coal Tar Coke oven Gas 036 Gas Works Gas 037 Recovered Gases 039 Other coal products

1 Peat and Peat products 11 Peat 12 Peat Products 121 Peat Briquettes 129 Other Peat products 2 Oil Shale/Oil sands

Primary Products Secondary products Hard Coal Anthracite Coal Coke Patent Fuel Brown Coal Briquettes Coal Tar Coke oven Gas Works Gas Recovered Gases Coking coal Other bituminous coal Brown Coal Lignite Sub-bituminous coal Other coal products Peat Oil Shale/Oil sands Peat Briquettes Other Peat products

Measurement units – original/natural units Original or natural units Used at the point of measurement of the fuel flow the units measured should be the best suited to its physical state (solid, liquid or gas) Examples include: • Mass units for solid fuels (e. g. kilograms or tons) • Volume units for liquids and gases (e. g. litres or cubic metres) • Energy units for electricity (e. g. kilowatt-hour) and heat (e, g. calories or joules).

Measurement units – Common units Natural units are often converted to a common unit to enable comparison between fuels, estimating efficiencies etc. Common units are typically this is an energy unit (e. g. megajoule or ton of oil equivalent). Calorific value (heating value) are conversion factors that expresses the heat obtained from one unit of the fuel Example calorific values (CVs) include: gigajoule/tonne (GJ/t) for coal megajoule/cubic metre (MJ/m 3) for gas NOTE: Calorific values vary between products and also countries

Net and Gross Calorific values may be expressed in gross or net terms. The difference is due to latent heat of vaporization of the water produced during combustion. Net calorific values are typically 5% to 6% less than the gross calorific value for solid and liquid fuels and about 10% less for natural gas.

IRES No specific measurement units are recommended for national data collection (most suitable for the circumstance) However, certain units are recommended for dissemination. In particular, Solid fuels -> Metric Tons Gases -> Terajoules

Calorific values IRES recommends the use of net calorific values (NCV) when expressing the energy content of energy products rather than gross calorific values (GCV) However, where available, countries are strongly encouraged to report both gross and net calorific values IRES 4. 36

Default Calorific values • Default calorific values only to be used in absence of specific values • IRES provides default calorific values in line with those in the 2006 IPCC guidelines

Examples of Net Calorific Values (GJ/Metric ton) Anthracite 26. 7 Coking coal Other bituminous coal Sub-bituminous coal Lignite 28. 2 25. 8 18. 9 11. 9 Peat 9. 76 … …

Statistical units • A statistical unit is an entity about which information is sought and for which statistics are ultimately compiled. It is also the unit at the basis of statistical aggregates • IRES recommends the use of establishments and households as statistical units for energy statistics

Data items They reflect data collected from statistical units

Data sources • IRES recommends to distinguish, as applicable, at least the three reporters groups: • Energy industries • Other energy producers • Energy consumers IRES 7. 18 Statistical units classified according to ISIC rev. 4 and grouped as described in IRES

Data sources Statistical data sources From censuses and/or sample surveys (enterprises surveys, households surveys, mixed-households surveys) IRES recommends that countries make efforts to establish a programme of sample surveys which would satisfy the needs of energy statistics in an integrated way to avoid duplication of work and reduce response burden. IRES 7. 38

Data sources Administrative data created originally for purposes other than the production of statistical data - monitor activities related to production and consumption of energy; - enable regulatory activities and audit actions; - assess outcomes of government policies, programmes and initiatives

Annual Questionnaire Production Imports Stock changes Exports Int. bunkers Total energy supply Transformation Energy industry own use Losses Final consumption Non energy use Final Energy Consumption Manufacturing, const. and non-fuel industry Transport Other (Agriculture, Households, etc. )

UNSD Annual Questionnaire

UNSD Annual Questionnaire

Calorific values For the different products

Common problems • Data on calorific values are often not reported • Distinction between international bunkers and (domestic) transport • High statistical difference • Production of secondary products without input into the transformation • Conversion into electricity and heat plants should be looked at in conjunction with the electricity production • Energy industry own use and transformation

Thank you!