Sermons From Science Mar 2020 2020 3 Sermons

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Confirmed: physical association between parent galaxies and quasar families 确�：父系星系和�星体家族之�的物理�系 n The Creation. com website published the article by Dr. John n n Hartnett. I now quote his article below: “In a paper just published 1 that looked for an association between putative parent galaxies and pairs of quasars, 2, 3, 4 the authors found many such quasar families, suggesting that the association is real, and not just coincidental. They used the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data release 7 and the 2 MASS (Two Micron All Sky Survey) Redshift Survey (2 MRS) Ks ≤ 11. 75 mag data release to test for the physical association of candidate companion quasars with putative parent galaxies by virtue of Karlsson periodicity in quasar redshifts. “This means that to a very high probability, much higher than a random association, certain quasars are physically associated with lower redshift galaxies.

Confirmed: physical association between parent galaxies and quasar families 确�：父系星系和�星体家族之�的物理�系 n “Karlsson proposed that quasars have an intrinsic non- cosmological redshift component which comes in discrete values (z. K = 0. 060, 0. 302, 0. 598, 0. 963, 1. 410, …). However, to properly detect any physical association, the candidate quasar redshift must be transformed into the rest frame of its putative parent galaxy’s redshift. (This assumes either the parent galaxy redshift is cosmological or, if not, that it is Hubble law related but not due to expansion of the universe. ) Then the transformed redshift of the candidate companion quasar is associated with the closest Karlsson redshift, z. K, so that the remaining redshift velocity component—the putative velocity of ejection away from the parent object—can be obtained. In this manner it is possible to detect a physical association, even in the case where parent galaxies have high redshift values. If this process is neglected, no association may be found. Such was done in several papers, applied to large galaxy/quasar surveys, claiming to debunk the Arp hypothesis.

Confirmed: physical association between parent galaxies and quasar families 确�：父系星系和�星体家族之�的物理�系 n n “In this new paper, the authors used the method described above, and the detected correlation was demonstrated to be much higher than just a random association. Many such associations were found. As an example, in one instance, within one 4 degree area on the sky, seven quasar families were found to be statistically correlated with parent galaxies (figure 1). The probability of this occurring by random chance was calculated as follows: ““For a binomial distribution … the probability of 7 hits for one 4 square degree area is … = 1. 089 × 10 -9. Under these conditions, the detection of 7 families with this particular constraint set is extraordinary [emphasis added]. ”

Confirmed: physical association between parent galaxies and quasar families 确�：父系星系和�星体家族之�的物理�系 n “Generally, the results of this paper are a confirmation of the quasar family detection algorithm described by Fulton and Arp, 5 which was used to analyze the 2 d. F Galaxy Redshift Survey (2 d. FGRS) and the 2 d. F Quasar Redshift Survey (2 QZ) data sets. This means that using the SDSS and 2 MRS data sets the correlation found in Fulton and Arp (2012) is further strengthened. i. Stockphoto

Confirmed: physical association between parent galaxies and quasar families 确�：父系星系和�星体家族之�的物理�系

Confirmed: physical association between parent galaxies and quasar families 确�：父系星系和�星体家族之�的物理�系 n “Figure 1. Detected families in a 4 square degree area centred at 09 h 00 m 00 s+11 d 00 m 00 s. The open circles are galaxies, the filled diamonds are quasars, with lines connecting each galaxy to its detected quasar family members. The object shades indicate stepped redshift increase from light to dark over the redshift range 0. 0 ≤ z ≤ 5. 5. The central unshaded area shows the galaxies under examination, and the entire area shows the candidate companion quasars

Confirmed: physical association between parent galaxies and quasar families 确�：父系星系和�星体家族之�的物理�系 n n “This means that to a very high probability, much higher than a random association, certain quasars are physically associated with lower redshift galaxies. The quasars are found in pairs or higher multiples of two. The results further imply that these quasar redshifts indicate a real ejection velocity component and a large intrinsic non-velocity or non-cosmological redshift component. “The results described in this new paper 1 conclude that:

Confirmed: physical association between parent galaxies and quasar families 确�：父系星系和�星体家族之�的物理�系 n ““… similarly, certain SDSS quasars are physically associated with lower redshift SDSS galaxies and separately with lower redshift 2 MRS galaxies; at least some quasars of very different redshift are physically associated with the same nearby galaxy; with the available typed galaxy data, quasar families occur with approximately equal frequency around nearby ellipticals and lenticulars versus around nearby spirals and irregulars, and quasar families occur somewhat more frequently around nearby unbarred spirals than around nearby barred spirals.

Confirmed: physical association between parent galaxies and quasar families 确�：父系星系和�星体家族之�的物理�系 n ““When analyzed separately, the bright and faint quasars maintain high and comparable detection significance around both nearby and distant galaxies, suggesting that gravitational lensing is an unlikely physical explanation for the signal that we detect. n ““A quasar excess exists at Karlsson redshifts around the 2 d. F, SDSS, and 2 MRS galaxies. ” n “If quasars are associated with parent galaxies, which have much smaller redshifts than the associated quasars, then that changes the whole story of the alleged evolution of the universe.

Confirmed: physical association between parent galaxies and quasar families 确�：父系星系和�星体家族之�的物理�系

Confirmed: physical association between parent galaxies and quasar families 确�：父系星系和�星体家族之�的物理�系

Confirmed: physical association between parent galaxies and quasar families 确�：父系星系和�星体家族之�的物理�系 n “Conclusion n n “What does all this mean for biblical creation? Number one, it is strongly critical of the big bang hypothesis that all stars and galaxies result from the early big bang universe. This describes a scenario of quasars being ejected from active parent galaxies in a hierarchical process. If quasars are associated with parent galaxies, which have much smaller redshifts than the associated quasars, then that changes the whole story of the alleged evolution of the universe. Many quasars are more local than at enormous cosmological distances. That is, their large redshifts do not indicate a measure of distance. Again, this brings the standard big bang cosmology into conflict. How do you explain this from a big bang perspective? From a biblical creation perspective it is straightforward: God created the galaxies on Day 4 of Creation Week using this hierarchical process, where quasars are ejected from the active hearts of their parents. And we are observing, now, the results of that process. ” Thank God for the contribution of Dr. Hartnett.

n Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Quasars again defy a big bang explanation �星体再次无�大爆炸的解� n The Creation. com website published the article n by Dr John Hartnett. I now quote his article below: “On 8 April 2010, Marcus Chown writes in an article entitled “Time waits for no quasar—even though it should” 1 for New Scientist online “Why do distant galaxies seem to age at the same rate as those closer to us when big bang theory predicts that time should appear to slow down at greater distances from Earth? No one can yet answer this new question [emphasis added] …. ”

Quasars again defy a big bang explanation �星体再次无�大爆炸的解� Background photo by NASA Halton Arp cites many examples of quasars found aligned within ± 20 degrees of the minor axis of the active nucleus of a galaxy. The minor axis is perpendicular to the plane of rotation of the galaxy. They are often seen within a few arcminutes of a parent galaxy, in pairs, on opposite sides as though they were ejected from the active nucleus. Their redshifts are large compared to the parent but they have a higher probability than the background average of being near the putative parent. This suggests physical association and that their redshifts are intrinsic, of an unknown orgin, but not cosmological nor due to Doppler motion.

Quasars again defy a big bang explanation �星体再次无�大爆炸的解� n “He says no one can answer this question. But this question has already been answered before it was even asked. To understand this we need some background. Quasars are assumed to be supermassive black holes with the mass of a galaxy 2 that are the early progenitors of the mature galaxies we see around us today. They nearly all have extremely large redshifts and the big bang community believes that these redshifts are nearly entirely due to cosmological expansion. Therefore it follows that these massive objects are extremely bright and are being observed at some stage only several billion years after the big bang. Hence it also follows from Einstein’s general theory that the greater the redshift the greater the effect of the distortion of time on the quasar. That is, local clocks on quasars at the greatest redshifts should run slower than local clocks on quasars closer to us.

Quasars again defy a big bang explanation �星体再次无�大爆炸的解� n n “No time dilation “But that is where the problem comes in. Mike Hawkins of the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh, UK, looked at light from quasars and he found no time dilation. He used observations of nearly 900 quasars made over periods of up to 28 years. According to the article, he “compared patterns in the light between quasars about 6 billion light years from us with those at 10 billion light years away. ” But the distances assigned here actually derived from the assumed cosmology and the Hubble law. What was really measured was the redshifts of those quasars. However the problem arises because quasars scintillate or their brightness varies. This scintillation can have periods of as little as a week, even a day. That tells us something about the size of the object at the core, because that time should be of the scale of the light travel time across the light emitting region. 2

Quasars again defy a big bang explanation �星体再次无�大爆炸的解� n n n “Chown writes, ““All quasars are broadly similar, and their light is powered by matter heating up as it swirls into the giant black holes at the galaxies’ cores. So one would expect that a brightness variation on the scale of, say, a month in the closer group would be stretched to two months in the more distant group. ” “Then he goes on to quote Hawkins: “To my amazement, the [light signatures] were exactly the same … There was no time dilation in the more distant objects. ” But according to Einstein there should be if they are at their cosmological distances due to the big bang.

Quasars again defy a big bang explanation �星体再次无�大爆炸的解� n n n “Possible explanations “In the article, Chown says that Hawkins classes possible explanations as either “wacky” or “not so wacky”. The wacky ideas include the obvious that the quasars are not so far away after all and that their redshifts are not indicators of distance at all. Chown claims that this idea has been “discredited”. It may have been discredited by the big bang believers but only by circular reasoning, not by robust science. “The origin of all matter was not at the big bang but over time in a grand ongoing creation scenario. This has very interesting creationist interpretations.

Quasars again defy a big bang explanation �星体再次无�大爆炸的解� n “The edifice of the big bang hangs on the interpretation that the quasar redshifts are cosmological (that is due to the big bang). If they are not: a) it brings into question the origin of quasars, and, b) it means the quasars may be nearby. This latter idea is linked to the work of Halton Arp 3 and others that showed strong correlation between parent galaxies that have ejected quasars from their active cores. The origin of all matter was not at the big bang but over time in a grand ongoing creation scenario. This has very interesting creationist interpretations. 4 Certainly the notions are poison to the big bang, else why would Prof. Joseph Silk have written, “Only by disputing the interpretation of quasar redshifts as a cosmological distance indicator can this conclusion be avoided [emphasis added]. ” 5 The conclusion he was talking about is Arp’s ejection of quasars from the active cores of relatively nearby galaxies.

Quasars again defy a big bang explanation �星体再次无�大爆炸的解� n “Green elephants n n “I sent the weblink to this article to the amateur astronomer/professional physicist and author Hilton Ratcliffe 6 to get his comment and he replied, “It’s the old green elephant story—if it doesn’t fit the model, then a green elephant caused it. Not falsifiable. ” 7 He is quite correct, as the ‘not-so-wacky’ solution suggested uses circular reasoning—the big bang theory is true, quasars are at their cosmological distances— therefore it is massive black holes eclipsing the quasars that mitigate against us observing time dilation in their light variations. But this by their own admission introduces other big problems, including too much dark matter in the universe due to these black holes. “Ratcliffe’s green elephants are starting to sound like a good explanation. ” Thank God for Dr. Hartnett’s contribution.

n Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Galaxy-quasar ‘connection’ defies explanation 星系�星体的“�接”无�解� n The Creation. com website published the articleby n n Dr. Andrew Snelling. I now quote his article below: “Astronomers have known for decades about the strange ‘connection’ between the galaxy NGC 4319 and the quasar Markarian 205 (see Figure 1, below). 1 Without any explanation so far, astronomers are still baffled, and with good reason. “Figure 1 is a reproduction of an isophote image of the galaxy and quasar made by superposing a number of photographic plates taken by Halton Arp using the 200 -inch Palomar telescope. 2 The image clearly shows that a luminous ‘bridge’ connects the two objects which is distinct and well away from any ‘pixel [picture element] bleeding’. 3

Galaxy-quasar ‘connection’ defies explanation 星系�星体的“�接”无�解� Figure 1: This isophote image of the galaxy NGC 4319 (above) and the quasar Markarian 205 (below), made by superimposing a number of photographic plates taken by Halton Arp using the 200 -inch Palomar telescope, clearly shows the luminous bridge connecting the two objects (north is up, east is left). This photo appears in Arp, Ref. 2 and Arp et al. , Ref. 3.

Galaxy-quasar ‘connection’ defies explanation 星系�星体的“�接”无�解� n “So what is baffling about such a clear linkage between this galaxy and its apparently close neighbouring quasar? The ‘basic’ problem is that the galaxy and the quasar have discordant red-shifts, which according to the standard (Doppler) red-shift interpretation means that the galaxy is receding at a velocity of 1800 km/sec, whereas the quasar is travelling at 21, 000 km/sec. Thus, according to the Hubble law, the galaxy is 107 million light years away and the quasar is 12 times further away at 1. 2 billion light years! Obviously, this simply cannot be, because the galaxy and the quasar are clearly connected together by a ‘bridge’, probably of luminous gas filaments. They give every appearance of existing together.

Galaxy-quasar ‘connection’ defies explanation 星系�星体的“�接”无�解� n “Some critics have claimed that the bridge is only an illusion, but Arp and his colleagues have staunchly defended the reality of this connection for many years, and Arp’s photography (Figure 1) has documented it. Ignoring this cosmological ‘anomaly’ won’t make it go away! Perhaps redshifts may not be connected with recession velocities and so may not be a reliable index to distances in an expanding universe after all. These are very fundamental questions to our understanding of the universe. In the words of astronomer William Kaufmann:

Galaxy-quasar ‘connection’ defies explanation 星系�星体的“�接”无�解� n “‘If Arp is correct [about red-shifts not being distance n n indicators], if his observations are confirmed, he will have single-handedly shaken all modern astronomy to its very foundations. If he is right, one of the pillars of modern astronomy and cosmology will come crashing down in a turmoil unparalleled since Copernicus dared to suggest that the sun, not the earth, was at the center of the solar system. ’ 4 “James Waterhouse is thanked for bringing this unresolved ‘anomaly’ to our attention, and for providing the reproduction for Figure 1. ” Thank God for the contribution of Dr. Snelling.

n Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Quasar with enormous redshift n The Creation. com website published the article by Dr �星体具有巨大的�移 n John G. Hartnett. I now quote his article below: “This changes the whole view of the universe—big bang astronomy will never be the same. “Idealized galaxy spectra showing typical “absorption” lines (black against a rainbow-coloured background) produced by hydrogen atoms absorbing light. The more distant the galaxy, the more the lines are shifted to the red side of the spectrum (log scale).

Quasar with enormous redshift �星体具有巨大的�移 n “According to the standard big bang view of the universe, the objects we call “quasars” are generally supposed to be at the very edge of the visible universe. They are supposed to be super-luminous black holes with a million or a hundred million times more mass than our sun, surrounded by a disk of material. Some of the material falls into the black hole, causing the emission of huge amounts of energy.

Quasar with enormous redshift “The distance to these objects is determined by the Hubble �星体具有巨大的�移 n Law—the greater the distance the greater the redshift—and written z = H 0 r/c (z is the redshift [expressed as the ratio of change of wavelength to wavelength Δλ/λ], r the distance to the source, c the speed of light and H 0 is the constant relating the redshift to the distance. ) This is a law that Edwin Hubble discovered in the 1920 s and 30 s. It was found that the redshifts observed in the light coming from extra-galactic sources could be used to determine their distances. Because he determined their distance by an independent means, he was able to confirm that the law worked for the bright spiral galaxies. The idea has now been extrapolated to all objects in the universe. And because the class of objects called “quasars” have very large redshifts in general they are expected to be very distant.

Quasar with enormous redshift �星体具有巨大的�移 n “The problem is that a quasar has been found embedded in the galaxy NGC 7319 only 8″ from its centre. See figure 1. The arrow indicates the quasar. It was recently reported on the University of California, San Diego webpage (10 January 2005). 1 The subtitle was “Can A ‘Distant’ Quasar Lie Within A Nearby Galaxy? ”, extolling the riddle. The work was done by a team of astronomers/astrophysicists including Geoffrey Burbidge and Halton Arp, and will be reported in the 10 February issue of the Astrophysical Journal. 2

Quasar with enormous redshift �星体具有巨大的�移 “Credit: NASA/Hubble Space Telescope “Figure 1: Photo of nearby spiral galaxy NCG 7319 with high red-shift quasar at arrow (below).

Quasar with enormous redshift n “In the paper 2 it is reported that the object is from a �星体具有巨大的�移 n class called ultra-luminous X-ray object (ULX) because of the very high emission of X-rays from the source. The quasar in this case was found from its X-ray emission and optically identified with the Hubble Space Telescope. ULXs have been found in and near galaxies and recently the Burbidges and Arp suggested they were quasars. “Based on the Hubble law, which may be written as z = 2× 10 -4 r with r expressed in Mpc (= 3. 26 million lightyears) and where z < 0. 2, we can determine the distance to the source.

Quasar with enormous redshift �星体具有巨大的�移 “In this case we have a galaxy (NGC 7319 with z = 0. 022) at a n n distance of 360 million light-years and, assuming the above equation holds approximately for larger redshifts z > 0. 2, the quasar (with z = 2. 114) is 100 times farther or 35 billion lightyears. So according to the dominant prevailing belief, these objects cannot be physically connected to each other. “However, Arp has shown 3 that there is a very strong case that quasars that lie close to active galaxies, on the sky, are, in fact, physically associated with those galaxies. That is, the closeness is not just a trick of the line of sight, where the quasars are millions of billions of light-years behind the galaxy and merely happen to be almost directly behind it from our point of view. Arp (and others) have gone on to contend that the quasars have been ejected from the hearts of their parent galaxies. 4 Creation of new galaxies via this mechanism has been suggested.

Quasar with enormous redshift �星体具有巨大的�移 n “The case has been made that the ULX quasar or n n QSO 5 is not accidentally aligned due to a projection effect because it is seen interacting with gaseous material in the host galaxy. The abstract of the paper 2 states in part: “From the optical spectra of the QSO and interstellar gas of NGC 7319 at z =. 022 we show that it is very likely that the QSO is interacting with the interstellar gas. “This is evidenced from the very strong oxygen emission lines in the spectra of the gases of the galaxy in the position of the quasar. Also a very strong outflow of gas is detected consistent with the ejection of the QSO entraining material with it. See figure 2. The paper states,

Quasar with enormous redshift �星体具有巨大的�移 “… the QSO has been ejected from the nucleus of the Seyfert NGC n 7319. It is seen that there is a luminous connection reaching from the nucleus (just at the top of the picture frame) down in the direction of the ULX/quasar, stopping about 3” from it. It is also apparent that this connection or wake is bluer than the body of the galaxy. [“Bluer” means that it is projected out towards the observer. ] “Figure 2: V-shaped jet clearly seen entrained behind the ejected quasar.

Quasar with enormous redshift �星体具有巨大的�移 n n “So what is the big deal? This is the big deal. “The ejection-of-quasars-from-galaxies interpretation is vigorously rejected by the big bang community. Obviously this is because it utterly demolishes their key assumption of the genesis of all matter at the big bang. Also it calls into question many redshift-distances determined by quasar redshifts. In the section “Alternatives to the big bang” on page 393 of his book, 6 Joseph Silk … admits, “Only by disputing the interpretation of quasar redshifts as a cosmological distance indicator can this conclusion be avoided” [my emphasis added]. This is, in fact, the main thrust of Arp’s observations! They cast enormous doubt on the distribution of galaxies in the universe and the interpretation of big bang expansion models. 7

Quasar with enormous redshift �星体具有巨大的�移 n n “However the observations do fit with a recent creationist model of creation of the heavenly bodies. See The heavens declare a different story! The model suggests that the quasars are ejected from active galaxies in a grand creation process and that we are now seeing the creation process of Day 4 of Creation Week. “So the lesson is this. If you hang your hat on the big bang because the majority believes it, you will be embarrassed when it falls. This quasar comes as thorn in the sides of those who believe in the ruling paradigm—but many don’t and expect the weight of the anomalies to eventually sink it.

Quasar with enormous redshift �星体具有巨大的�移 “The big bang today relies on a growing number of n n n hypothetical entities, things that we have never observed— inflation, dark matter and dark energy are the most prominent examples. Without them, there would be a fatal contradiction between the observations made by astronomers and the predictions of the big bang theory. In no other field of physics would this continual recourse to new hypothetical objects be accepted as a way of bridging the gap between theory and observation. It would, at the least, raise serious questions about the validity of the underlying theory. 8 “See also Secular scientists blast the big bang: What now for naïve apologetics? “Instead trust in the One Who made it all and you’ll never be dismayed. ” Thank God for Dr. Hartnett’s contribution.

n Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Changing-look quasars -1 �貌�星体 -1 n n n The Creattion. com website published the article by Dr. John G. Hartnett. I now quote his article below: “Quasars are very high redshift (figure 1) astronomical objects with broad emission line (BEL) spectra. The latter is very different to that in the usual ‘normal’ galaxies. This means the objects’ redshifts and BEL spectra can be used to identify them. “And because of their high redshifts they are assumed to be very distant, very luminous active galaxies with super-massive black holes at their hearts, powering them to emit prodigious amounts of radiation over all wavebands of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Changing-look quasars -1 �貌�星体 -1 n n n “Figure 1. Spectra of quasar 3 C 273 compared to the star Vega. Spectral lines are shifted towards the red end of the spectrum, from which its distance is determined using the standard LCDM cosmology. “Most of the high redshift objects in the universe are quasars. The redshifts of galaxies and quasars when interpreted within big bang cosmology—the greater the redshift the greater the distance—means that the most distant objects are seen at a time when the universe was youngest. 1 “Following big bang thinking, quasars are then considered to be just galaxies in some early stage of development— back closer in time to the big bang—than the usual spiral and elliptical galaxies we might see with much lower redshifts.

Changing-look quasars -1 �貌�星体 -1 n n n “The quasar 3 C 273, shown in figure 2, the first to be identified (discovered in the early 1960 s by astronomer Allan Sandage), has been shown to reside in a giant elliptical galaxy in the constellation of Virgo. According to standard cosmology, its redshift puts it at a distance of 2. 5 billion light years from Earth. “Quasar to galaxy transitions “According to the big bang theory, how long should a quasar remain in the form of a quasar before transitioning into a normal galaxy and how long should that transition take? Quite obviously the answer to that question depends on one having a correct understanding of what quasars actually are and an accurate model describing their evolution.

Changing-look quasars -1 �貌�星体 -1 n “It would be no underestimate to state that an accurate model for galaxy formation, let alone a transition from a quasar to a normal field galaxy, is far from being known. The formation of a galaxy alone requires the invoking of a very large dark matter content and often ‘jumping over’ the important details of star formation just to obtain something that looks like a galaxy. This means there are physical laws in this universe that create barriers in computer simulations preventing the formation of stars and hence galaxies. It is these that must be ‘jumped over’ in order that the simulations may proceed. 2

Changing-look quasars -1 �貌�星体 -1 “Figure 2. The quasar 3 C 273, which resides in a giant elliptical galaxy in the constellation of Virgo.

Changing-look quasars -1 �貌�星体 -1 n n “We can assume that quasars have masses comparable to that of most galaxies. From that it follows then that naturalistic changes—that is, uniformitarian changes—can be expected to be of the order of one billion years. 3 “Without any real model for the changes expected in quasars, it may not be too unreasonable to expect any changes in their luminosity to be over uniformitarian timescales, and fuelled by growth of their supermassive black holes, as some propose. By contrast, according to the Genesis 1 narrative, God took one 24 -hour day to create all astronomical objects, therefore we expect at creation that the youngest sources (which could include quasars) have very quickly changing observable features, such as luminosity.

Changing-look quasars -1 �貌�星体 -1 n n “Yet very rapid changes, even down to timescales of days and weeks, in the observed luminosity of quasars have been recorded. 4, 5 One suggestion is that those variations are caused by microlensing 6 and another is obscuration by dust, but these mechanisms are considered to be too long. 7 Another is the rapid consumption of a passing star or gas and dust by the central supermassive black hole. “Such proposals are offered because changes on such short timescales are not expected from the growth of the alleged supermassive black holes at the heart of the quasars. (To be continued in Part 2).

n Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Changing-look quasars -2 �貌�星体 -2 n n n “Changing-look quasars “Now we read in an online news report 8 that astronomers think they have detected a dozen quasars in a disappearing act—the so-called ‘changing-look quasars’. Or they have been caught transitioning into their quiescent and dimmer counterparts— galaxies with starving black holes at their cores. This fact has left astronomers asking whether these objects are shutting down permanently or simply flickering out for the time being. ““Last year Stephanie La. Massa from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (then at Yale University) discovered the greatest change in luminosity ever detected in a quasar. She was digging through data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey when she found that a quasar had dimmed in brightness by a factor of six in just 10 years. Its spectrum changed, too, from that of a classic quasar to a regular galaxy [emphasis added]. ” 8

Changing-look quasars -2 �貌�星体 -2 n “Because astronomers believe in the very long timescale big bang paradigm they are forced to suggest any rapid dimming in the luminosity of any quasar must be either a transient effect or the very rare chance of observing the fuel exhausted from a supermassive black hole. One report states that: “Figure 3. The image shows an artist’s impression of the ‘changing-look quasar’ as it appeared in early 2015. The glowing blue region shows the last of the gas being swallowed by the central black hole as it shuts off. The spectrum is the previous one obtained by the SDSS in 2003. “Astronomers can’t find any sign “Dana Berry/Sky. Works Digital, Inc. ; SDSS collaboration. of the black hole at the center of the quasar SDSS J 1011+5442, and they couldn’t be happier. ” 9

Changing-look quasars -2 �貌�星体 -2 n n “In the case of this quasar (see figure 3) it is alleged that: ““… over the past ten years, it appears to have swallowed all the gas in its vicinity. With the gas fallen into the black hole, astronomers from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) were unable to detect the spectroscopic signature of the quasar, which now appears as an otherwise normal galaxy [emphasis added]. ” 9 “The dimming was very significant and now appears like a normal galaxy. ““‘The difference was stunning and unprecedented, ’ said John Ruan of the University of Washington, lead author of a related paper …. ‘The hydrogen-alpha emission dropped by a factor of 50 in less than twelve years, and the quasar now looks like a normal galaxy. ’ The change was so great throughout the SDSS collaboration and astronomy community, the quasar became known as a ‘changing-look quasar’ [emphasis added]. ” 9

Changing-look quasars -2 �貌�星体 -2 n n n “However, one of the newly discovered, rapidly dimming quasar did re-brighten. ““And one of the 12 newly discovered objects did not just disappear but reappear [sic]. Krolik thinks that this lonely quasar blazed back into existence for the same reason that it flickered out: a variation in the gas and dust flowing onto the black hole [emphasis added]. ” 8 “Certainly it is possible that the standard interpretation for quasars as AGNs 10 powered by a super-massive black hole is one possible explanation. The next step then will be to see if any of the other newly discovered dozen or so quasars re-brighten over the coming years.

Changing-look quasars -2 �貌�星体 -2 n n n “A different explanation is one consistent with the work of the late Halton Arp 11 where he suggested that quasars are born from the hearts of active parent galaxies. “Over time, which he had no measure of, the ejected quasars transitioned from active, highly luminous, high redshift objects with BEL line spectra to the usual field galaxies with much lower redshifts and typical spectra. “This is illustrated in figure 4. “Quasars are ejected in opposite directions from the nucleus of an active galaxy and over time they change their internal state including redshift, which decreases with finite discrete steps towards the commonly observed low redshift in field galaxies. Thus quasars and active galactic nuclei become normal galaxies.

Changing-look quasars -2 �貌�星体 -2 “Figure 4. Arp’s model of ejection of quasars from active parent galaxies and their eventual change to normal galaxies. Reproduced from Hartnett 11 after Arp’s original in his book Seeing Red.

Changing-look quasars -2 �貌�星体 -2 n “Apparently the idea that quasars or active galactic nuclei could become inactive is not controversial in the big bang universe. But the expected timescale is not less than tens of thousands of years. What La. Massa and her colleagues doubted was that a quasar could go from active to inactive in just 10 years. But this is what these newly discovered, rapidly dimming quasars have established. Rapid changes in the emission properties of the quasars, on timescales very much in line with a creation scenario, are observed. Even their spectra changing from that of a classic quasar to a regular galaxy. 9

Changing-look quasars -2 �貌�星体 -2 n n n “A biblical creation explanation “So this discovery is consistent with a creation scenario where we expect processes in astronomical sources to be well less than 7, 000 years. “In the case of a creation process of galaxies formed from AGNs—the parent galaxies—and the ejected galaxies in the form of quasars, it would be essential that the quasars (at least some of them) have changed to normal galaxies in a period less than the time since Creation, that is less than about 6, 000 years.

Changing-look quasars -2 �貌�星体 -2 n n n “However, it is also expected that many galaxies were created in their current forms, but if Arp’s evidence for quasars and active galactic nuclei transitioning to normal galaxies is correct, then this is what would be expected in the biblical Creation model. “Here we have an opportunity to see if these rapidly dimmed quasars remain dim or rebrighten. Time will tell. ” Thank God for the contribution of Dr. Hartnett.

n Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -1 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -1 n The Creation. com website published the article by Dr. John G. Hartnett. I now quote his article below: n “Why is dark matter assumed to exist in the cosmos? From reading news headlines you would think it has been clearly identified and that we now know so much about this once elusive stuff. It has been sought in many different laboratory experiments for more than four decades now, but never found. Why then are astronomers so confident it is out there? Let me try to put this into context and I hope it will become clear.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -1 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -1 Sombrero Galaxy. NASA/ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STSc. I/AURA)

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -1 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -1 n “Two types of physics n n n “In my realm of interest there are really only two types of scientists: “ 1. Experimental physicists carrying out experiments in laboratories, “ 2. Astrophysicists (or cosmologists) who use the universe as their ‘laboratory’. “Both construct mathematical models to describe their observations. Both test their models against those observations. “However the experimentalists (type 1) can interact with their experiments in a way the astrophysicists cannot. For example, they can send in a light signal and measure the response in the system, i. e. see what comes out. But the astrophysicists (type 2) cannot interact with what they are observing in the universe. The universe is just too large to do that.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -1 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -1 n “Within our solar system we have been able to send probes to make observations. For example, NASA’s Deep Impact probe 1 shot a 370 kg copper bullet into a comet 2 and measured the spectra 3 of the ejected material. And ESA’s Rosetta spacecraft landed a robotic lander, Philae, on a comet 4 and made, for the first time, direct measurements of the surface constituents. These types of measurements, you could say, are very similar to what the experimentalists do in their laboratories. But the latter mission’s objectives, excerpted from the ESA website, highlight the type of science involved (emphases added):

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -1 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -1 n “Rosetta’s prime objective is to help understand the origin and n evolution of the Solar System. The comet’s composition reflects the composition of the pre-solar nebula out of which the Sun and the planets of the Solar System formed, more than 4. 6 billion years ago. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of comet 67 P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by Rosetta and its lander will provide essential information to understand how the Solar System formed. 5 “There are basic underlying assumptions. The statement above makes it clear that the scientists who carried out the mission believe that the solar system evolved out of a solar nebula originating more than 4. 6 billion years ago. That is the untestable primary assumption. It is not testable by what they dig out of the surface of the comet, but rather they believe the measurements of that material will help them understand the origin of the solar system within their original assumption.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -1 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -1 n “But no matter how much evidence they accumulate they cannot n n directly observe the past. Certainly not without assumptions. They always need to apply interpretations to the evidence, which is the materials they dig out of those comets. “Even in the case of astrophysics, you might think that the astronomer is observing the past, because the light entering his telescope supposedly took millions or billions of years to traverse the vast universe to earth. But even this has its limits to what we can know. “The astronomer receives light into his telescope on earth and he must make the uniformitarian assumption that the light has been travelling at a constant speed (of about 300, 000 km/s) for the past millions or billions of years to reach earth, and with no relativistic time dilation effects. Only after making that assumption can he make the assumption, not know, that what he observes is coming from some past epoch millions or billions of years earlier. But how could you test that assumption? You can’t! And for that reason this aspect of astrophysics/cosmology is not directly provable by any empirical test.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -1 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -1 n “In the case of all observations beyond the solar system the n n problem is beyond dispute. You cannot go there. The size, distances to and assumed age of galaxies, and other cosmic sources, is so great that even what we measure is as though we are taking a single still photograph; it is just a moment in time. “Astronomers only observe, they cannot interact with their experiment as the experimental physicist in the laboratory can do. And what makes matters even more difficult for the astrophysicist or cosmologist is that there are many possible explanations for the same observations. But because they cannot interact with the sources under investigation (which might even be the whole universe) their science is very weak indeed. For this very reason James Gunn, co-founder of the Sloan survey, said: ““Cosmology may look like a science, but it isn’t a science. … A basic tenet of science is that you can do repeatable experiments, and you can’t do that in cosmology. ” 6

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -1 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -1 n “What do we know about gravity? n n “Now let’s examine this statement. “There exists a force of attraction between any two masses in the universe. “Can that statement be proven? “You might say, yes. We can locally test gravity and it works, in fact, it works extremely well, and it has been experimentally verified even down to sub-centimeter distances. 7 Scientists find strong evidence in local laboratory experiments. In fact, new physics is even sought at distance scales less than this because it is believed that eventually the gravitational force law must break down, since quantum theory and Einstein’s gravitational theory are fundamentally incompatible. But all of those investigations are done via repeatable experimental physics. Different theories can be, and are being, tested by the experimentalists. (To be continued in Part 2).

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 n “Can an experimentalist then safely extrapolate his n n conclusions about gravity, in a laboratory experiment, to the whole universe? “Evidence has accumulated that supports the law of gravitation. It has been tested repeatedly, and no contradiction found, to Einstein’s formulation of the law anyway. That is why it is now called a law. The law is often called the universal law of gravitation. “Can an experimentalist then safely extrapolate his conclusions about gravity, in a laboratory experiment, to the whole universe? No, he can’t, not without assumptions. Therein lies one major part of the problem.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 n “Next we must decide on what we mean by ‘evidence’. Normally evidence is data collected. But that data must be interpreted. And models are constructed that make predictions. In a laboratory the experimentalist can test those predictions. In the cosmos this is more difficult. It is possible, though. A model might predict the existence of certain behaviour and then the astrophysicist looks for that. But it is more like ‘stamp-collecting’ than laboratory science. Because he cannot do an experiment he accumulates as many observations as possible and tries to classify the results. He sorts his objects into families, or identifies a common trend among those in the same family. By accumulating a lot of such data he argues for his model. But because he cannot know by an empirical test his conclusions are invariably and inevitably weak.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 n “Now, what if you were to read the headline, “Evidence n n for dark matter in the inner Milky Way”? 8 What evidence could this be referring to? And how could you know that dark matter really exists? “The 2015 article that bore this headline went on to say (emphases added): ““The existence of dark matter in the outer parts of the Milky Way is well established. But historically it has proven very difficult to establish the presence of dark matter in the innermost regions, where the Solar System is located. This is due to the difficulty of measuring the rotation of gas and stars with the needed precision from our own position in the Milky Way.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 n ““In our new study, we obtained for the first time a direct observational proof of the presence of dark matter in the innermost part of the Milky Way. We have created the most complete compilation so far of published measurements of the motion of gas and stars in the Milky Way, and compared the measured rotation speed with that expected under the assumption that only luminous matter exists in the Galaxy. The observed rotation cannot be explained unless large amounts of dark matter exist around us, and between us and the Galactic centre, ” says Miguel Pato at the Department of Physics, Stockholm University. 9

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 n “Without going into the details of the physics of n n gravitation, and why bodies like stars orbit the Galaxy centre the way they do, we can learn by critically examining these statements. “No dark matter particle has ever been observed in a lab experiment despite more than 40 years of searching. “Dark matter is called dark because we cannot see it. No dark matter particle has ever been observed in a lab experiment despite more than 40 years of searching. I even spent a few years doing that myself looking for paraphotons, which are classed as WISPs, 10 a putative dark sector particle. (In Star Wars terminology it is a particle from the Dark Side. )

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 n “If the so-called dark matter particles could be observed by light, n or by X-rays, or by some other electromagnetic radiation, it would make their identification easy. But how can the author of the above article claim “direct observational proof”? How can it be claimed that their existence is “well established” in the outer parts of our galaxy? They don’t observe dark matter, nor do they do an experiment where they send in some radiation into a cloud and get a response back. “An experimentalist might do something like that to detect a particle he cannot otherwise ‘see’. So the act of seeing means a response to some radiation. It does not mean a human has to be able to see it with his own eyes. For example, we know electrons exist. That is not in dispute, and their existence has been repeatedly confirmed by many experiments. (Interestingly, though, we don’t know how small they are. It is still an open question. But I digress. )

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 n “In the galaxy, how can the claim be made that the observations cannot be explained unless large amounts of unseen dark matter are assumed? To make such a claim, you would have to know that you have ruled out all other possibilities. In such a case—remember this is not a laboratory experiment—you would have to be an all-knowing god. Background photo: Serge Brunier/NASA “The image displays the rotation curve tracer gases from the publication 11 over a photograph of the disc of the Milky Way Galaxy as seen from the Southern Hemisphere. The tracers are colour -coded in blue or red according to their relative Doppler motion with respect to the Sun. The spherically symmetric blue halo illustrates the dark matter distribution inferred from the analysis.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ n “The light coming from the gases-2 and stars in the Galaxy is observed with a telescope, but more specifically what is observed are the spectral lines in the light from those sources. And they are seen to be red-shifted or blue-shifted. (Spectral lines shifted toward either the red end or the blue end of the spectrum, as compared to a laboratory sample of the same type of gas. ) These effects are interpreted as arising from the well-established Doppler Effect, where the motion of the gas particles (or the stars) causes this effect in the light. Then that is interpreted as meaning the gases and stars are moving around the galaxy centre at certain speeds, which are typically 100 km/s to 300 km/s.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 n “That interpretation (the Doppler Effect) requires some assumptions. But all are reasonable and within known laboratory physics, except one. That one is that the law of gravitation is true out in the Galaxy where these gases or stars are. That is, the law of gravitation, which has been tested extremely well in the solar system, also applies without modification out in the cosmos, both in the Milky Way Galaxy and outside it.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ n “But we have already realized that it-2 cannot be known if that law is universal. It is assumed to be universal and thus a model of the galaxy constructed. If the observed speeds (and they are an interpretation of the meaning of the redshifted and blue-shifted light, which we will agree to here) follow the expected trend then we say all is well and Newton’s law (of gravity) works fine. But the problem is they do not. The stars and gases move too fast around the Galaxy to obey Newton’s law. If that situation continued for hundreds of millions of years the stars in the Galaxy disk region (where our solar system is located) would fly apart and the Galaxy would disintegrate over longer time scales. But that couldn’t be right because (of the underlying assumption that) the galaxy is stable and has been around for 10 billion years or so.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 new physics rather n “So it is just as reasonable to think that n than new matter is needed to add to Einstein’s improvements the way these did to Newtonian physics. “So the conclusion is, either that the law of gravitation is wrong or that there is more matter in the Galaxy, which we cannot see. Nearly always it is assumed that there is missing, hence ‘dark’, matter lurking out there, which comprises 80– 90% of a galaxy’s mass. 12 But if it wasn’t for Einstein’s discovery where he added to and improved on Newton’s law of gravitation, we might still be thinking that the dark planet Vulcan (also called dark matter at the time) was necessary to explain an anomaly of Mercury’s orbit in the inner solar system. 13 So it is just as reasonable to think that new physics rather than new matter is needed to add to Einstein’s improvements the way these did to Newtonian physics. Yet nowadays news headlines tend to speak of discoveries of dark matter as though it is being directly imaged.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ n ““Dark matter observed in the heart -2 of our galaxy, ” 14 says n one news headline, and the article states, “But up to now it has proven very difficult to establish the presence of dark matter in the innermost regions. ” 15 You get the impression it is all now well-established science. This is illustrated in the figure above of the Milky Way galaxy with the red-shifted and blue-shifted sources shown on either side of the central core of the Galaxy. “Another headline: “Milky Way has half the amount of dark matter as previously thought, new measurements reveal”. 16 The story is that by looking at how many dwarf satellite galaxies our galaxy has around it, and their motions, you can determine the mass of our galaxy. This is important because according to the standard cosmogony the mass of the Galaxy determines its formation process, and that process is determined from the cosmology that is assumed.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 solve a mystery. n “In this story these so-called measurements n n Remember the big bang model is assumed. That is called the Lambda (Dark Energy) Cold Dark Matter theory, which predicts that there should be several big satellite galaxies around our Milky Way Galaxy that are visible to the naked eye. But that is not what we observe. However, the new measurements supposedly solve the problem (emphases added): ““When you use our measurement of the mass of the dark matter theory predicts that there should only be three satellite galaxies out there, which is exactly what we see; the Large Magellanic Cloud, the Small Magellanic Cloud and the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy. ” “University of Sydney astrophysicist Professor Geraint Lewis, who was also involved in the research, said the missing satellite problem had been “a thorn in the cosmological side for almost 15 years”. 17

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 that you know n “Firstly, you cannot predict something n prior to formulating your theory. It is not a prediction. Secondly, the dark matter also cannot be observed. The ‘amount’ is derived from the motion of the dwarf galaxies and/or the stars and gases in our galaxy, but that assumes that ‘missing matter’ is the reason for the anomalous motion. “From the news report you would think that dark matter is directly observed; but it is not. But why is it so important? Just like the Rosetta space probe was to discover the origin of the Solar System, the ‘dark’ matter mapping is to discover the evolution of the Galaxy (emphases added):

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 n “Our method will allow for upcoming astronomical observations to measure the distribution of dark matter in our Galaxy with unprecedented precision. This will permit [sic] to refine our understanding of the structure and evolution of our Galaxy, and it will trigger more robust predictions for the many experiments worldwide that search for dark matter particles. The study therefore constitutes a fundamental step forward in the quest for the nature of dark matter, ” says Miguel Pato. 18 n “Dark matter, though never identified in a lab experiment, is assumed a priori.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 n n n “The same type of analysis is applied not only to galaxies, satellite galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters but also the whole universe. “Never is dark matter observed, only the inferred motion of ‘particles’ under the assumption of the universal law of gravitation. ““Too much dark matter in galaxy cluster? ‘Dark core’ may not be so dark after all” 19 reads another headline. When clusters are analysed it was still via the assumed ‘motions’ or properties of gases in the clusters, or constituent galaxies, in some cases. Never is dark matter observed, only the inferred motion of ‘particles’ under the assumption of the universal law of gravitation.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 n n “Due to application of well-established laws, including gravitation, with the assumption that the galaxy clusters are stable over their assumed many-billions-of-year lifetimes, it is determined in this case there is a lack of dark matter over what was expected. This all comes about because of the application of the law of gravitation to these super-massive objects, and uniformitarian interpretations applied. None of which can be proven. ““Because dark matter is not visible, its presence and distribution is found indirectly through its gravitational effects. The gravity from both dark and luminous matter warps space, bending and distorting light from galaxies and clusters behind it like a giant magnifying glass. Astronomers can use this effect, called gravitational lensing, to infer the presence of dark matter in massive galaxy clusters. ” 20

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -2 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -2 n “In this research, on observations of the Abell 520 galaxy cluster, something that came out of Einstein’s improved theory on gravitation is used. This was not found in Newton’s theory. It is gravitational lensing, where, according to theory, the matter of cluster(s) warps the path of light through space and can be thought of as a giant lens. By modelling the gravitational lens using dark matter they try to match theory to observations and hence ‘infer the presence of dark matter’ in the cluster. They do not claim ‘direct’ imaging of the dark matter. ( To be continued in Part 3).

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -3 n “This essentially becomes circular reasoning. It proceeds like this; the universe is stable and has evolved over more than 10 billion years producing galaxies and galaxy clusters. The only agency doing the ‘creating’ of galaxies and clusters was/is the law of gravitation acting on the matter. That is the primary assumption, in the background of the assumed cosmology, which also includes the weirdest stuff of all, Dark Energy. Then to make the observations fit theoretical model, dark matter must be included, else the model should be rejected. So the ‘existence’ of dark matter is the product of the initial underlying uniformitarian assumption. Because the universe itself supposedly constructed galaxies and clusters from only matter under the influence of gravitation, it follows that there must be an enormous content of invisible matter that cannot be seen.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -3 n n “Alternatively if you assumed the galaxies were not that old, and/or they were not in a stable state because they have not existed for billions of years, you would not need to include any dark matter. Or even if they have existed for at least hundreds of millions of years based on their spiral structure (and some biblical creationist time dilation cosmologies allow for that, while only a short time passes in reality, if earth clocks are the reference frame) another possibility is that they are stable and there is a need for new physics, an extension of the law of gravitation that applies on very large scales in the universe. “These ideas can be consistent with a straightforward interpretation of Genesis that states clearly the universe was created approximately 6000 years ago (as measured by earth clocks). So why resort to dark matter? Because ultimately it is so one can believe that the universe naturalistically created itself and there is no Creator God.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -3 n n n “Light from the dark matter sector “But some may claim science has detected radiation from dark matter particles in the cosmos. I previously reported on the idea that the intergalactic medium has too much light coming from it, where no sources could be identified, and it was theorized as the result of the decay of some hypothetical dark matter particles. This resulted from a mismatch between theory and observations, and hence dark matter was suggested as the solution. “By now you must have realized how convenient it is to have dark matter particles, or in fact anything from the dark sector. It can fill in what is missing in theory without a need to reject the underlying theory itself.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -3 n n n “For example, headlines read, “Glimmer of light in the search for dark matter” 21 or “Researchers detect possible signal from dark matter”, 22 where astronomers have claimed they ““… found an indirect signal from dark matter in the spectra of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. They … came to the same conclusion: a tiny spike is hidden in the X-ray spectra of the Perseus galaxy cluster, at a frequency that cannot be explained by any known atomic transition. ” 23 “Apparently two groups of astronomers have found a signal among some X-rays coming from different galaxy clusters. It cannot be explained by known physics, so dark matter is concluded.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -3 n “The researchers put it down to the decay of a new kind of n neutrino, called ‘sterile’ because it has no interaction with other known neutrinos. A sterile neutrino does have mass, and so could be responsible for the missing dark matter. ” 24 “I have previously discussed the hypothetical sterile neutrino, which is sometimes called Dark Radiation, proffered to rescue the Standard Model of particle physics, when the standard big bang cosmology is assumed to be true. The problem arises essentially only in cosmology and astrophysics because the very successful theory of particle physics, which has been extremely well tested in repeatable laboratory experiments, has no real need for another neutrino. “What is the goal of looking for dark matter in the cosmos? One of the scientists in the X-ray study, Boyarsky, says: ““We will know where to look in order to trace dark structures in space and will be able to reconstruct how the Universe has formed. ” 25

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -3 n “Need I say more? It is philosophically driven. n n n Materialistic naturalism is all that is assumed and dark matter is the god which fills in the gaps to maintain the façade. “Dark matter in galaxy formation “Dark matter is crucial in the formation of both stars and galaxies. Without it they won’t form naturalistically. I will deal with star formation is another article, but consider this; If you don’t know how stars and galaxies formed, you don’t know much about how the universe, which we observe, formed. “Galaxy formation is a seriously big problem for big bang cosmology.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -3 n “Galaxy formation is a seriously big problem for big bang n cosmology. In the computer simulations, modelling the formation of the large-scale structure (super-clusters, filaments of galaxies etc) in the universe, dark matter is assumed from the beginning. For the condensation of individual galaxies it is a similar story. By starting with a critical density of dark matter the models are able to show galaxy formation under gravity where the dark matter attracts the normal matter into the central region to form a galaxy. “The dark matter must reside as a spherical halo around the spiral galaxies, which have a thin disk of luminous normal matter. This state is determined from the studies of the speeds of gases and stars in the disks of thousands of spiral galaxies. But there is even a problem here too, called the dark matter cusp problem.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -3 n “The problem is because the unseen made-up stuff does not quite behave as you would expect matter to behave under the influence of the law of gravitation. n “Since dark matter is meant to be like normal matter under gravity’s influence it should pile up in the centre of galaxies. Its density should be maximum in the core—hence, there should be a cusp or peak in the density distribution there. But to accurately model the motions of the stars and gases, dark matter is not needed in the central cores, only in the disk regions. Newtonian gravity alone easily accounts for the visible matter in the central nuclei of these galaxies.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -3 “NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STSc. I/AURA) “Dwarf Galaxy.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ n “So even the studies that infer the -3 existence of the dark n n n matter contradict what matter should do under the influence of gravity. “One study on dwarf galaxies highlights this problem (emphases added): ““Our measurements contradict a basic prediction about the structure of cold dark matter in dwarf galaxies. Unless or until theorists can modify that prediction, cold dark matter is inconsistent with our observational data, ” Walker stated. ““Dwarf galaxies are composed of up to 99 percent dark matter and only one percent normal matter like stars. This disparity makes dwarf galaxies ideal targets for astronomers seeking to understand dark matter.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -3 n n n ““Their data showed that …, the dark matter is distributed uniformly over a relatively large region, several hundred lightyears across. This contradicts the prediction that the density of dark matter should increase sharply toward the centers of these galaxies. ““If a dwarf galaxy were a peach, the standard cosmological model says we should find a dark matter ‘pit’ at the center. Instead, the first two dwarf galaxies we studied are like pitless peaches, ” said Peñarrubia. 26 “‘Pitless peaches’ means no dark matter in the centre of these galaxies, just where ‘gravity says’ it should be found. Even though these researchers have implicitly assumed that 99% of the matter content of those galaxies is dark matter, their own observations (of motions of the stars and gases) do not agree with the dark matter paradigm. To my knowledge this is true in all galaxies where such studies have been done.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -3 n n “Conclusion “Astrophysics and cosmology are by their very nature loaded with philosophical underpinnings. In principle there is nothing wrong with that. You could not do any sort of science without a basis to build your model. I would call these philosophies worldviews. And we all have a worldview. We form that based on what we believe about the world around us and how it all began. The difference here is that my worldview is based on the biblical truth that God, the Creator, created the universe about 6000 years ago. It was not the result of an accident or a quantum fluctuation of some false vacuum or a big bang of any sort. If it were, God would have said so in the Bible.

Why is Dark Matter everywhere in the cosmos? -3 �什么宇宙中到�都有暗物�？ -3 n n “The worldview that underlies modern cosmology, and cosmogony (on the origin of the universe) is an atheistic one. It has no place for a Creator, and only relies on what man can discover for himself. As a result he has had to resort to all sorts of fudge factors to make his model fit the observational data, the evidence from the cosmos. Dark matter has arisen from this. But even when assumed to fix such problems the supposed dark matter does not behave like normal matter under the influence of gravity. It is stranger than fiction and I am afraid it is no more real than the ‘Emperors’ new clothes’. Thank God for the contribution of Dr. Hartnett.

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -1 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -1 n n n The Creation. com website published the article by Dr. John G. Hartnett. I now quote his article below: ““It took $10 billion, the world’s largest particle accelerator and decades of research, but now scientists are convinced: The universe doesn’t exist. ” [emphasis added] “Or so says a web news article 1 titled “It’s okay. Nothing really matters. We don’t actually exist, anyway. Or so the Higgs boson particle suggests. ” Well, what’s this all about?

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -1 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -1 “Figure 1 “Cosmology Ph. D student Robert Hogan, of King’s College London, told a meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society at the University of Portsmouth on June 24 th, that what has been learnt about the Higgs boson and the idea of cosmic inflation (that supposedly propelled the early universe into an enormous volume increase over a very short time, a quintillionth of a second after the alleged big bang) does not add up. 2 3

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -1 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -1 n n “In other words, the universe never was stable and vanished before it ever got going. “The Higgs boson, the so-called ‘God’ particle, 4 is supposed to give mass to all elementary particles, according to the standard model of particle physics. By combining what we know of the Higgs boson and the standard model of particle physics with the idea of cosmic inflation as supposedly determined from the recent research of the BICEP 2 Collaboration team, Hogan has come to the conclusion that the universe, as we know it, should not exist.

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -1 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -1 n n “The BICEP 2 Collaboration, which used a South-Pole-based telescope to look at the CMB radiation in a very small region of the sky, concluded that the B-mode polarization they observed in the CMB photons was indicative of primordial gravitational waves soon after the big bang. It was claimed as both a ‘direct’ and a ‘smoking gun’ detection of the big bang. “By comparing the microscopic with the macroscopic it seems something does not add up. The energy in the universe due to the ‘inflaton-field’ (see shortly) is more than sufficient to force the Higgs-field into a regime whereby the rapidly expanding universe would have suddenly and rapidly collapsed back into the singularity. 5 In other words, the universe never was stable and vanished before it ever got going. But of course we are here discussing this so someone got it wrong.

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -1 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -1 n n “The irony is that now that this problem has been realised, those with the worldview that ‘the big bang must be correct’, are now discussing new physics that allows the universe to exist, even though the standard model of particle physics says it should not. “This may be illustrated with the following graph. “Figure 2

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -1 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -1 n n n “The irony is that now that this problem has been realised, those with the worldview that ‘the big bang must be correct’, are now discussing new physics that allows the universe to exist, even though the standard model of particle physics says it should not. “Theorists have proposed various models of inflation. 6 “The cosmic inflation was supposedly driven by what is called an inflaton field, which is an as-yet-unidentified field, akin to an unstable electric field. This is an unknown proposed to explain what powered cosmic inflation. It is nothing short of new physics. And they would very much like the inflaton to be identified with the Higgs boson.

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -1 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -1 n n “Large-field inflation models, as the name implies, result in large changes but theorists favour smallfield inflation models. These are inherently more stable and this keeps weird quantum effects under control. “These models were tested against the recent data of the BICEP 2 Collaboration. The large-field inflation model is now currently favoured by those results, not small-field inflation. But theorists don’t like this because to make inflation persist long enough to stretch the universe as flat 7 as it is, the amplitude of the inflaton field must have changed immensely.

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -1 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -1 “Figure 3

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -1 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -1 n n “And the Higgs boson models produce small-field inflation. Therefore they are disfavoured by the new BICEP 2 data. The small-field models predict much weaker swirls than BICEP saw. So those models are now dead. “But Hogan’s approach to the Higgs boson means that the universe should be ‘sitting’ in a valley of the ‘Higgs field’, which tells us why all particles have mass. See Figure 3. But, according to him, there is a different valley, which is much deeper, and the universe is prevented from falling into it by a large energy barrier. (To be continued in Part 2).

n Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -2 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -2 n n n “As mentioned above, from BICEP 2 data this necessarily must be a large-field model, and is inherently unstable. It follows from this approach then that the universe would have been subject to large quantum fluctuations during the cosmic inflation phase, ‘kicking’ it over the energy barrier into the other valley of the Higgs field, within a fraction of a second. Consequently the universe should have quickly collapsed in a big crunch. That means it should have disappeared back into the singularity from whence it supposedly came. Hogan says: ““This is an unacceptable prediction of theory because if this had happened we wouldn’t be around to discuss it. ” “At least that much should be self-evident!

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -2 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -2 n n “That means theorists are backed into a corner. The Higgs boson is at odds with the allowable inflaton-field models from the BICEP 2 data and they are forced to accept an inherently unstable universe model. They are left with the need for more unknown new physics to plug up the hole. “We see experimental science again at odds with socalled big bang cosmogony, particularly the inflationary start to their universe. The latter is historical science as it tries to reconstruct history, but the contradiction introduced by the Higgs boson means that they have to find new physics from the dark side (again 9) to save the standard big bang model.

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -2 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -2 n n “Hogan is bound by his own big bang worldview when he concludes that the standard model of particle physics may be deficient, suggesting something could be missing there: ““If BICEP 2 is shown to be correct, it tells us that there has to be interesting new particle physics beyond the standard model, ” Hogan said. 10 “In short, if the BICEP 2 data were ‘confirmed’, he would favour the unverifiable inflation interpretation over the experimentally sound theory of particle physics. This clearly illustrates the effect of a worldview. “Then there are those who have reacted to these problems by making any connection with particle physics irrelevant— by invoking the multiverse as an explanation for the failure of String theory to predict any meaningful model. 11

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -2 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -2 n “The multiverse is an all-purpose excuse for not being able to n n explain anything about particle physics. They argue that particle physics is random and inexplicable, different at different points of the multiverse. Different ‘universes’ in the multiverse must have different laws of physics, which does not leave you with much confidence that anything you test in the lab has any relevance to the origin of the universe. “But inflation is preferred over any alternative, which must explain why a big bang universe leaves the universe so flat— that is, Euclidean space. As one blogger in support of cosmic evolution wrote (bold emphases added): “The concept of inflation was motivated, not by the science, but by a philosophical argument to explain the universe we live in without a Creator, an Intelligent Designer.

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -2 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -2 n n “But the inflationary claim is more spectacular because it was even more unexpected. Inflation was Alan Guth’s attempt to explain why the early universe after the Big Bang was so very “flat, ” which is to say, why the force of the explosion matched the force of gravity to one part in 1060. To put this in perspective, there about 1080 protons in the visible universe, so 1020 protons, about one grain of sand, would have unbalanced the Big Bang, causing it either to recollapse into a black hole, or to expand so fast as to never form stars and galaxies. One grain of sand more, one grain less and we would not be here. ” 12 “Wow, talk about faith! That is some faith!

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -2 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -2 n “The concept of inflation was motivated, not by the science, n but by a philosophical argument to explain the universe we live in without a Creator, an Intelligent Designer. Evidence in support of inflation was unlikely but necessary, else they would be left in an intolerable position. “So what caused the big bang? If there is no Creator then there is no First Cause. Some theorists have hypothetically constructed a cause before the big bang using mathematical arguments with some new exotic theories. For example, some suggest colliding higher-dimensional membranes. But that involves untestable String theory, higher dimensional brane-worlds, M-theory and other weird stuff, where membranes representing some higher dimension spaces supposedly collided producing the big bang of this universe, and maybe many others.

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -2 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -2 n n n “Conclusion “I would not be surprised if after reading this, you feel like you are ‘still in the dark’. The Higgs boson and the standard theory of particle physics, which is the most successful physical theory ever developed by man, is at odds with theory of cosmic inflation. That tension is such that the universe, as we know it, should not exist. But it does! Therefore the science of how the universe started in a big bang is all in the dark. “This is, again, a case of where cosmic inflation must be given essential help to survive—some suggesting new physics is needed to solve this quandary (the mess with the Higgs boson). The big bang paradigm is believed as fact, so one more new unknown must be invented that allows the universe to exist.

Inflation—all in the ‘Dark’ -2 宇宙膨�-在“黑暗”中 -2 n n “Yet inflation was in the first instance invoked to eliminate the Creator, because of, among other things, what was perceived as a serious fine-tuning problem for the standard big bang model. But the inflation scenario that is favoured by the BICEP 2 data, is disfavoured by the God particle. However, the Higgs boson detection has now been put at a confidence limit of 99. 99999%13 which is much, much higher than that for the detection of cosmic inflation, via the signature of primordial gravitational waves, which has now been thrown into doubt. 14” Thank God for the contribution of Dr. Hartnett.

n Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 1 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -1 n The Creation. com website published the n article by Dr. John G. Hartnett. I now quote his article below: ““The universe burst into something from absolutely nothing––zero, nada. And as it got bigger, it became filled with even more stuff that came from absolutely nowhere. How is that possible? Ask Alan Guth. His theory of inflation helps explain everything. ”—front cover of the April 2002 issue of Discover magazine.

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 1 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 “Figure -1 1: The first several hundred million years after the big bang is when the universe was in its Dark Ages. No ionized hydrogen meant that no sources of light were available during that period. Larger image available from www. astro. caltech. edu/~george /reion/.

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 1 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -1 from nothing” is the title “Spontaneous creation of the universe n n n 1 of a 2014 paper authored by He, Gao and Cai, published in the American Physical Society journal Physical Review D, one of America’s most prestigious journals dealing with physical theory. It purports to outline a so-called mathematical proof that the universe did indeed burst into something from nothing. “Evolutionary cosmology is very much like evolutionary biology which tries to establish the origin of all living things over the past 3. 8 billion years by an appeal to circumstantial evidence. “There is also a website extolling the wonders of this discovery in an item titled, ‘A Mathematical Proof That The Universe Could Have Formed Spontaneously From Nothing’ with the subtitle, ‘Cosmologists assume that natural quantum fluctuations allowed the Big Bang to happen spontaneously. Now they have a mathematical proof. ’ 2

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 1 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 n “That website lists the evidence-1 in support of the big n n n bang cosmogony: “ 1. the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation often claimed as an ‘echo of the big bang’ or ‘fossil radiation’ from that explosion; 3 “ 2. the expansion of the cosmos or space itself, which, when imagined by extrapolating it backwards, suggests its origin in a big bang, i. e. a dimensionless point or a singularity; 4 and “ 3. the abundances of the primordial elements, such as hydrogen, helium-4, helium-3, deuterium and a few others, can all be calculated using theory. 5

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 1 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -1 n “Evolutionary cosmology is very much like evolutionary biology which tries to establish the origin of all living things over the past 3. 8 billion years by an appeal to circumstantial evidence. The strongest parallel I see here is the fossils in the sedimentary layers that are supposed to represent millions to billions of years of history, yielding a sequence of organisms that allegedly evolved one from another over time.

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 1 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -1 to be the leftover “This ‘fossil radiation’ (the CMB) is meant n radiation from the big bang fireball, called the ‘last scattering surface’, after which light was freed from being trapped in the hot plasma, and travelled unimpeded throughout the universe. The expansion of space and the elemental abundances are more such circumstantial evidence. Though the CMB radiation was a prediction of George Gamow in 1948 (at 5 K later revised to 50 K) in support of the big bang, the elemental abundances could hardly be claimed as one. This is because the hydrogen/helium ratio for the universe had already been measured and was well known before Gamow’s students Alpher and Herman calculated what they should be, using a knowledge of declassified nuclear parameters after the close of World War II. This has been more correctly called a post-diction.

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 1 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -1 If there ever were a n “But there remains a truly huge puzzle. n n big bang, what caused it to bang? What started it off in the first place? For many years, cosmologists have believed that the universe just formed spontaneously, that the big bang was the result of some quantum fluctuations in which the universe just popped into existence from nothing. And I mean nothing; no space, no time, no energy, nothing. “The authors write in their article (bold emphases added): ““…we present such a proof based on the analytic solutions of the Wheeler-De. Witt equation…once a small true vacuum bubble is created by quantum fluctuations of the metastable false vacuum, it can expand exponentially no matter whether the bubble is closed, flat or open. ” 6

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 1 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -1 n “The proof they offer is a mathematical one. It is not the type of proof you might be expecting where a physical theory has been tested by development of a hypothesis which then is tested by an experiment through predictions the model makes. Not at all. In this case it relies totally on the unproven assumption that the mathematical model used somehow describes the universe an extremely short while after the big bang expansion was supposed to have begun. It also relies on the assumption that the real universe can be described by the mathematics and physical laws they assume in a putative past epoch where it is impossible to test anything.

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 1 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -1 of John Wheeler and “The new approach extends the work n Bryce De. Witt who developed a mathematical formalism, combining general relativity and quantum mechanics, in an effort to develop a quantum gravity theory for the early universe. This resulted in the famous Wheeler-De. Witt equation (WDWE), n “Here the parameter a is the scale factor for the universe in a minisuperspace model; k is the spatial curvature, chosen as 1, 0, or-1 for positive (closed and finite), flat (Euclidean and infinite) or negative (open and infinite) bubbles respectively; and ψ is the wave function for the bubble universe. There is an infinite number of potential solutions, and additional information is needed to solve it for a particular system.

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 1 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -1 of the universe is zero, “This model assumes the total energy content n n i. e. sum up all the matter and all forms of energy in the universe and the total will be zero. So it has been famously said that the big bang is the ‘ultimate free lunch’. “Paul Davies wrote: ““So science has done away with the need for a button-pushing creator who lives for eternity before making a Universe at a certain moment in time. ” 7 “This new paper carries on the work of people like Hartle and Hawking 8 who in 1983 mathematically showed that it is possible for time to be bounded in the past without there being a specific first moment. This comes from Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. It indicates that there is a sort of fuzziness to the beginning of time and space. In this way time takes on an imaginary quality and becomes a spatial coordinate. And they claim that the universe had many possible histories and we sample some of them, but none is unique. (To be continued in Part 2).

n Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 2 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -2 n “What He et al. have done is mathematically show that n once a small true vacuum bubble is created, it has a chance to expand exponentially, creating the observed universe. Note the use of the word ‘chance’. So you must understand they are talking about an ensemble of probable universes that might result from their model. Quantum theory deals only with probabilities of realising a possible outcome and in this sense the probability of a universe like ours might be very small indeed. “The obvious fact that this is mathematics and not testable on the real universe—the problem of cosmic variance—is not dealt with. That is the problem of the need to take an ensemble of real universes and see what the likely outcome of many possible creation episodes might be.

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 2 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 n “This new claim of spontaneous-2 creation from nothing n described by the WDWE is only valid for a > 0. The fact that the scale factor is positive and non-zero means this approach is only valid in a metastable quantum vacuum, i. e. such a vacuum must already exist. And this formulation presupposes the existence of the laws of physics, which are used in the derivation of the equation in the first instance. “So, as elegant as it might seem, the He et al. approach has not done away with a first cause. It has only assumed, quite explicitly actually, a certain form of the Hamiltonian for a bubble universe,

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 2 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -2 “A Hamiltonian is the operator that corresponds to the total (kinetic and potential) energy in the system. In their universe the Hamiltonian is assumed to equal zero, i. e. that there is no energy there in the beginning, nothing! Their approach makes the presumption to use the current laws of physics. Also the analysis only applies in an ‘existing’ state as the scale factor is assumed to be time dependent and always non-zero. “But for a universe like ours to come into existence by itself, without a Creator, it must create its own laws of physics as well as generate space and time and matter and energy from nothing

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 2 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -2 not end there. To get n “The appeal to existing physics does n an understanding of how the bubble universe explodes into the real universe a guidance relation is added. This comes from Bohmian quantum theory, by analogy with nonrelativistic particle physics and quantum field theory in flat space-time, where quantum trajectories are obtained. This ultimately tells you how the quantum potential changes as the bubble exponentially expands. “But for a universe like ours to come into existence by itself, without a Creator, it must create its own laws of physics as well as generate space and time and matter and energy from nothing, not from a pre-existing quantum vacuum, metastable or not. Even with their approach, the appearance of a universe would still require a pre-existing, intelligent agency/power.

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 2 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -2 “No doubt their solution to this is to say that an infinite n number of universes could probabilistically be created from the vacuum and it is only in this one that these laws of physics apply, etc. But that does not solve it because then you could not claim that all the laws used to explain this universe also explain the others of the multiverse coming into existence. How could you justify using our laws of physics to describe another universe where you have no knowledge of its physics? And you could not use our current laws to generate all those other universes which have different laws. It is sort of a Malmquist bias 9 in choice of physics. “For others the solution to the problem of the first cause for this universe is: 10 “… that the universe is a three-dimensional “membrane” floating through a four-dimensional “bulk universe”.

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 2 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -2 “They invoke higher dimensions and String theory to explain n n how their universe began and why it is. This is an appeal to new physics way beyond what we know and can even hope to test experimentally, because it involves many more dimensions and takes place in some hypothetical past epoch and space. “This approach has been proposed with M theory, a form of String theory in as many as 11 dimensions (or even 28 in one form). Famously Leonard Susskind labelled the “M” in M theory as meaning ‘monstrous’. M Theory and its cousin, String theory, are not physics but mathematics, which lack any predictive power in the real world and hence are untestable. This seems to me to be a grab for a solution, to find an uncaused cause, because the big bang (with its unbiblical sequence of events) needs a first cause.

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 2 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -2 “For the last 40 years String theory has gone on without a n n n single experimental test or astronomical observation to verify any prediction. I once asked Prof. James Gates (Toll Professor of Physics and Director of the Center for String and Particle Theory at the University of Maryland) what he would say if no verifiable test of String theory were ever achieved. He answered that he would have just wasted the past 40 years of his life. “So, what caused the universe to explode? Alan Guth says: 11 ““In spite of the fact that we call it the big bang theory, ah, it really says absolutely nothing about the big bang. Ah, it doesn’t tell us what banged, why it banged, what caused it to bang. Ah, it doesn’t even describe—it doesn’t really allow us to predict what the conditions are immediately after this big bang. ”

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 2 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -2 “Paul Davies adds (bold emphases added): n n 12 “Yet the laws [of physics] that permit a Universe to create itself are even more impressive than a cosmic magician. If there is a meaning or purpose beneath physical existence, then it is to those laws rather than to the big bang that we should direct our attention. ” “‘Worship the creation’ is what comes across; the new religion of the scientific elite. “Some professing Christians have unwisely said this big bang creator must have been God, the biblical Creator. He started it off. Many such ideas have Him as a very impotent god, who had nothing much to do after that. It seems they are proposing Him as some sort of ‘god of the gaps. ’ Modern big bang theory is an attempt to describe the universe without the Creator. It has no God. Therefore the universe supposedly begins in not only physical darkness (the Dark Ages occurring before the Reionization Era where galaxies were created, with the aid of dark matter, see Figure 1) but also spiritual darkness without any Creator.

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 2 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 -2 n “Don’t be taken in by the technical bluff and bluster of the big bang proponents. It is not science in the usual repeatable laboratory experimental sense and it is very weak as one can never be certain one’s model actually describes reality. This is story-telling at its best. Figure 1 illustrates the story that is told, but all of it after the universe has begun. How did it begin?

The singularity—a ‘Dark’ beginning 2 奇异性-“黑暗”的开始 “The big God theory, from Genesis -2 chapter 1 in the Bible, n n describes the origin of the universe as the work of the Creator (see Psalm 19: 1), who has a great interest in His Creation. He divided the light from the darkness, which has both physical and spiritual meaning. The darkness later in the Creation symbolized those wicked angels and humans who rebelled against His wise counsel. The Creator is a God whom we can know personally. He is the great I AM, who was always there, the uncreated First Cause, and we can trust what He says, because He never lies (Numbers 23: 19, Titus 1: 2). He says He created the universe, in a particular historical sequence that differs from big bang philosophy. And there is nothing in the observations of the cosmos which is inconsistent with that account. I believe Him because He does not lie. ” Thank God for the contribution of Dr. Hartnett.

n Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -1 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -1 n The Creation. com website published the article by Dr. John Hartnett. I now quote his article below: “Redshifted. The spectral lines for this element still show the same distinctive pattern, but all have been shifted towards the red end of the spectrum.

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -1 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -1 n n “Expansion of the universe is fundamental to the big bang cosmology. No expansion means no big bang. By projecting cosmological expansion backwards in time, they assert, one will, hypothetically, come to a time where all points are the same. Since these points are all there is, then it logically follows that there is no space or time ‘before’ this moment. It is the singularity, and we cannot use language couched in concepts of time when no time (or space) exists. “Yet there are Christians who use this presumed fact as evidence in support of the Genesis 1 account and even for the existence of God Himself. They argue that only God could have started the big bang. Though it is true the universe does need a first cause, it is an enormous leap into the unknown to suppose that the big bang story is that which is described in the Genesis 1 narrative. The sequence of events is nothing like it. See The big bang is not a Reason to Believe!

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -1 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -1 n n n “The Hubble Law itself, though derivable from General Relativity, is not sufficient grounds to conclude that redshifts are a reliable proxy for distance in the universe “At the end of the 1920 s, Edwin Hubble made a significant discovery. He found a proportionality between the amount by which the spectral lines in the light coming from relatively nearby galaxies are redshifted 1 (z) and their distances (r) from Earth. That relationship is now called the Hubble Law c. z = H 0 r, where c is the speed of light and H 0 is Hubble’s famous constant of proportionality. “The Hubble Law has since been extended to very great redshifts (therefore by inference, distances) in the cosmos, via the redshift-distance relationship. At small redshifts, and by interpretation at small distances, this becomes precisely the Hubble Law.

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -1 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -1 n n n “Redshifts have been interpreted as a velocity of recession, i. e. that galaxies are moving through space. And that the recession implies expansion of the universe. But Hubble, up to the time of his death, was not so convinced of this interpretation. He was open to the possibility that there could be another mechanism to explain redshifts. “In 1935 Hubble wrote: 2 ““… the possibility that red-shift may be due to some other cause, connected with the long time or distance involved in the passage of the light from the nebula to observer, should not be prematurely neglected. ” [emphasis added]

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -1 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -1 n n n “Yet the ‘true’ cosmologists nowadays ‘know’ that redshifts mean that the galaxies are essentially stationary in space and they are dragged apart as the universe expands. This is called cosmological expansion. But whether or not motion of galaxies through space or expansion of space is the correct interpretation, is there any strong evidence for expansion of the universe, of any kind? “To test expansion “Once the distance to a target galaxy exceeds several million light years, methods of measuring distance in the universe, apart from the Hubble Law, become extremely problematic. Generally at large redshifts the redshift-distance relationship, the large-scale extension of the Hubble Law, is used, so that redshift then is a proxy for distance. However, it may well be true that the Hubble Law applies, as a method of determining distance, but that the mechanism for generating the redshifts is, as yet, unknown. 3 In other words it may not be the result of expansion of the universe, yet it may still give us a measure of cosmic distance back to the source galaxies.

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -1 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -1 n “It should be reiterated that the Hubble Law itself, though derivable from General Relativity, is not sufficient grounds to conclude that redshifts are a reliable proxy for distance in the universe. One counter -example where an astronomical object with a very large redshift (z ~ 2) is seen ejected towards us out of the nucleus of a relatively low redshift spiral galaxy (z ~ 0. 02) is sufficient to prove that the Hubble Law as a method of determining distance is not so robust. High redshift should always mean great distance if the Hubble Law is true, hence this counter-example calls into doubt the notion of cosmological expansion. See Big-bang-defying giant of astronomy passes away. 4

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -1 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -1 n n “The way to test the idea of the expanding universe is to look for a parameter that would be different as a function of distance, and hence a function of historically elapsed time, in an expanding universe as compared to a static one. One such parameter is the angular size of galaxies; another is the surface brightness of galaxies. Angular size is not easy to test because you would first need to establish a standard size galaxy that you observe at different redshifts, but surface brightness is somewhat easier to test for. “In these tests you assume redshift is a proxy for distance. You don’t need to know why. But if the test for expansion fails, it must then lead to the conclusion that either the universe is not expanding, i. e. it is static, or, redshifts cannot be used as a proxy for distance. These types of tests have been performed and I have published a summary of those results in Does observational evidence indicate the universe is expanding? —part 2: the case against expansion. (See also the table at the end of the article).

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -1 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -1 n “Hubble Ultra-Deep Field n ““Universe is Not Expanding After All, Scientists Say” was the headline of one online news site. 5 This was in relation to a peer-reviewed paper 6 published on a study of the surface brightness of about a thousand galaxies as a function of redshift. The method, first proposed by Tolman in 1935, 2 is independent of any particular cosmological model of the structure or history of the universe. It only relies on the fact that if the universe is expanding, and therefore more distant galaxies are at greater redshifts, then their surface brightness would be expected to be much lower than in a static universe. The assumption was made that redshift is a measure of distance in both the expanding and static universe, applying a simple Hubble Law for that relationship in the static universe case, but without a mechanism why the Hubble Law would hold.

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -1 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -1 n “Strong agreement for a static universe was found from n extremely high redshifted galaxies out to redshift z ~ 5 in the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field. The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF) is a survey where the Hubble Space Telescope and some earth -based telescopes looked at galaxies out to the limit of the visible universe, hence they have very high redshifts. Though by itself this study is not definitive it was found that the evidence is inconsistent with an expanding universe. It was found that surface brightness was independent of redshift and therefore a static universe was favoured. “But surely the best evidence for expansion of the universe is to just simply look at many galaxies at successive redshifts, i. e. at z = 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, etc? Since redshift is meant to represent different past epochs or ‘time steps’, a change in the number density of galaxies should show evidence of expansion over time, which would be redshift in an expanding universe.

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -1 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -1 n “By counting the number of galaxies at each redshift one should observe the density of galaxies to decrease as the universe expands. This means one would expect to see a systematic trend of lower density or concentration of galaxies at lower redshifts. Going from higher to lower redshift in an expanding universe implies going from an earlier time period to a more recent time period. m. caltech. edu “Figure 1: Cosmic timeline illustrated showing redshift across the top, and ‘lookback’ time to the big bang along the bottom.

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -1 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -1 n “Figure 1 illustrates the presumed cosmic history of the universe according to the standard big bang cosmology. Redshift is shown across the top and the corresponding time, counting backwards from the alleged big bang, supposedly 13. 7 billion years ago, is shown across the bottom axis. ‘Recombination’ is the name given to the hypothetical period when atoms condensed out of the hot-yet-cooling plasma from the big bang fireball. After that there supposedly ensued a period of cosmic ‘Dark Ages’ before the first stars and hence galaxies formed. Following that was the alleged period called ‘Reionization’ when neutral hydrogen atoms in the intergalactic medium were ionized, by starlight as stars and galaxies began to form, and hence the intergalactic medium became transparent to electromagnetic radiation (i. e. it was no longer in darkness). This means that today, we should be able to detect emissions from those ionized atoms. (Continued in Part 2).

n Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝

Sermons From Science -- Mar 2020 科学布道-2020年 3月 Sermons from Science have been published in both You. Tube under the name “Pastor Chui” and their Power. Point slides and corresponding videos in the website http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org since 2011. Just type “Pastor Chui” in Google Search. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all glory. Pastor Chui http: //Christ. Center. Gospel. org ckchui 1@yahoo. com

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -2 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -2 n “It is now claimed from studies of HUDF galaxies that we observe galaxy formation at the beginning of the era of Reionization. The latter is supposed to have occurred in the period between z = 12 and z = 8 as indicated in Figure 1 (between dotted lines labelled Hubble 2012 and Hubble 2009). Prior to this Reionization period all radiation at wavelengths consistent with the states of neutral hydrogen was absorbed and hence it is labelled the cosmic ‘Dark Ages’. These atoms, according to theory, absorbed rather than emitted light, hence the label.

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -2 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -2 n “After the Dark Ages the ensuing galaxy formation process is described: n ““Current models for galaxy formation follow the picture in which dark matter halos form by collisionless collapse, after which baryons fall into these potential wells, are heated to virial temperature, and then cool and condense at the centers of the halos to form galaxies as we know them. In short, baryons fall into the gravitational potentials of ‘halos’ of dark matter at the same time that those halos grow in size, hierarchically aggregating small clumps into larger ones. ” 7 [emphasis added]

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -2 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -2 “Figure 2: Hubble e. Xtreme Deep Field. The e. Xtreme Deep Field, or XDF, the photo was assembled by combining ten years of NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope observations taken of a patch of sky within the original Hubble Ultra Deep Field.

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -2 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -2 n n “The authors here, writing on the alleged early history of the big bang universe, write as if they have definitive knowledge of dark matter providing the necessary gravitational energy to collapse the hydrogen gas into stars and galaxies. Understand please that dark matter here is essential to overcome the problem of naturalistic galaxy formation. No dark matter, no galaxy formation! More on that later but this is how the story goes. “Look at these epochs or redshifts and you will see a growth of structure so a progressive increase in density of galaxies from a redshift of z = 12 towards z = 8. Remember, decreasing redshift (z) implies the forward arrow of time from the alleged big bang towards the present. Then after z = 8 you should see a decrease in density due to the expansion of the universe. All the while the universe was supposedly expanding but the growth of structure (i. e. size and numbers of galaxies per unit volume) in the period of redshift z = 12 to z = 8 outweighs the dissipating effect of the expansion.

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -2 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -2 n n n “This is illustrated in Figure 2, assembled from 10 years of observational data from the Hubble Space Telescope, called the Hubble e. Xtreme Deep Field (XDF). There you see an increase in density from the more distant hence ‘more than 9 billion years’ frame to the middle frame labelled ‘ 5 billion to 9 billion years’ and then a decrease in density towards the closest or more recent frame labelled ‘less than 5 billion years’. “This is what one new study claims. 8 In the XDF data they identified 7 galaxies at redshift z ~ 9, 1 galaxy at z ~ 10 and 1 galaxy at z ~ 11. They studied ultra-violet (UV) light emission, which is assumed to indicate star formation (hence growth of structure or ‘evolution’) and concluded, ““ … an accelerated evolution beyond z ~ 8, and signify a very rapid build-up of galaxies with MUV < − 17. 7 mag within only ~200 Myr from z ~ 10 to z ~ 8, in the heart of cosmic reionization. ”

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -2 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -2 n “If the dark matter, which does not interact with any normal n n matter, was not present in the first place no evolution could occur, since no galaxies would grow and the expanding universe model would be in serious trouble, because there would be no galaxies in their universe “With extremely scant evidence, this means that it was concluded that there was an accelerated evolution of the size of galaxies because of the few bright galaxies they observed between redshifts z ~ 8 and z ~ 10 and their UV light-emissions. But this is not even the real issue. “The real issue is that ‘evolution’ is the ‘catch all’ used to explain everything. By adjusting the evolution rate of accumulation of size and galaxy density one can adjust the model to fit the data—to fit any data. Put it this way: if the expansion rate of the universe appears to be too slow, and there is a faster build-up of galaxies with decreasing redshift than expected, one simply adjusts the evolution rate to compensate. Just turn the evolution ‘knob’ by the appropriate amount!

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -2 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -2 n n n “But if the dark matter, which does not interact with any normal matter, was not present in the first place no evolution could occur, since no galaxies would grow and the expanding universe model would be in serious trouble, because there would be no galaxies in their universe. “Conclusion “Is the evidence really consistent with an expanding universe or not? Well, it is equivocal. 9, 10 What remains is a ‘good’ story based on observations that rely on unprovable assumptions, that are either consistent with an expanding universe or in conflict with the idea. But when in conflict with that story the ‘knobs are turned’ in the standard big bang model such that it can be made to fit any evidence.

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -2 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -2 n “Evolution of galaxy size is used to counter those apparently contradictory lines of evidence. This means that whatever observations are proffered, one way or another, an alternate explanation can always be found. Unfortunately this is the very nature of big bang cosmology. No wonder a substantial and growing number of even secular physicists and cosmologists are frustrated by what they say is its totally unwarranted stranglehold on thinking—even extending to denial of publication/funding of alternative notions, regardless of quality. See Secular scientists blast the big bang.

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -2 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -2 n n n “Comment on this article (added by John Hartnett 8 September 2014) “My (non-biblical-creationist) friend Hilton Ratcliffe, a South African astronomer and author, posted the following on Face. Book while sharing the link to a mirror of this article on my own site. The following (published with his consent) highlights the true nature of the battle. It’s not science but philosophy and ideology. ” Thank God for the contribution of Dr. Hartnett.

Is there definitive evidence for an expanding universe? -2 是否有确定的�据表明宇宙正在膨�? -2

n Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝