September 26 2016 Radisson Blu Mall of America

September 26, 2016 Radisson Blu - Mall of America Untangling the Web of Codes: Efficient Lighting Jeremiah Heilman, Ph. D jheilman@energyfocus. com Energy Focus, Inc.

Energy Focus Champions SSL Specification for US Navy. 2013 1 st LED product launched to the US Military 2008 2006 Fiber Optic Lighting National Shipbuilders Research Program choses Energy Focus for next generation Lighting Fixtures $23 million Navy order 2015 DAAH 01 -03 -9 -R 001 EFOI Leverages LED Expertise 2011 $10 million DARPA contract 2007 Energy Efficient Military & Maritime Lighting 2003 1985 LED Lighting Development at Energy Focus Product on over 166 Ship & Subs of the 249 vessel U. S. Fleet 2

Why be energy efficient? Slide courtesy of Chuck Kutscher, NREL 3

“Negawatts” are cheaper than Megawatts Slide courtesy of Chuck Kutscher, NREL 4

Energy use by the numbers Lighting accounts for 74% of all Buildings use electricity produced 19% of a building’s energy consumption. Source: US Energy Information Administration 5

Why LEDs are important LEDs can save a tremendous amount of energy – an estimated 4, 000 Trillion BTUs* – and conversion has really only just begun DOE “LED Adoption Report” 2015, “Watts Next” Data (pink) presented at Strategies in Light, March, 2016 by James Broderick, Ph. D. , U. S. DOE 6

LED breakthrough Shuji Nakamura demonstrates the first practical blue “direct band gap” LED in 1993 2014 Nobel Prize Direct band gap LED • • Can (in principle) produce blue light (photons) without loss An efficient path from blue to white existed using phosphors “Perfect” efficiency was now limited only by our ability to refine manufacturing process. 7

LED’s potential Haitz Law • • • “Moore’s law for LED” Every 10 years, the cost per lumen will decrease 10 x, while the light density will increase 20 x. Roland Haitz, 1935 -2015 2016: 170 lm/W, 2 x more efficient than FL, HID, 10 x over INC 2026: 250 lm/W, 2 x more efficient than today (inc controls, heat) 2030: All other light sources will be obsolete (Source: DOE LED Adoption, 2015) 8

LEDs – Directional Efficiency 9

32 W T 8 Fluorescent Lamp Heat dissipation (watts) Energy Focus 13 W TLED Heat dissipation (Watts) Tested on Instant Start type, (. 88) Power Factor, Electronic Ballast DIRECT WIRE Light, Radiant Flux = 4. 6 Watts Light, Radiant Flux = 5. 2 Watts Power, Electrical = 28. 1 Watts, Measured Heat, Thermal Flux = 22. 9 Watts (78. 1 BTU/Hr) Power, Electrical = 13. 3 Watts, Measured Heat, Thermal Flux = 8. 72 Watts (27. 4 BTU/Hr) 10

DOE Sept 2016 11

State of the art in LED (obsolete tomorrow)

Anatomy of LED light Driver (AC/DC Determines W, PF, THD converter) Driver sleeve Endcap Heatsink LED array Lens/diffuser Determines lm 13

Incumbent light sources • Linear: tubes – T 12/T 8/T 5 – T 8 tubes: 25 W - 32 W – Ballast factor (light scaling): Low to high – 360 radiator • High bay – High Intensity Discharge (HID) • High pressure sodium • Metal Halide – More efficient at higher power: 250 -1000 W 14

LED solutions Fixture retrofit • • Convert existing troffer Lower cost Less material waste Easy to maintain New fixture • • Replaces existing troffer Aesthetic appeal Higher rebates Broad photometric and sensor options 15

Retrofit jargon 1. Replacement Lamps (UL Type A) – Direct Fit. Products in this category employ lamp holders to connect to the fixture being retrofitted and are designed to be "plug and play" replacements for fluorescent lamps, operating off a fluorescent ballast. PROs: Very easy to install, no electrician, 30 -50% reduction in energy. CONs: Ballast maintance continues, performance varies greatly, ballast compatibility a problem. 2. “Self ballasted”/Internal Driver, Line Voltage Lamp-Style Retrofit Kits (UL Type B). Products in this category employ lamp holders to connect to the fixture being retrofitted, incorporate the LED driver into the lamp (similar to LED screw-in bulbs) and do not operate off the existing fluorescent ballast. PROs: Integrated solution, easy to maintain, 50% energy reduction. CONs: More labor, about 15 min/fixture, have to replace sockets 3. External-driver Retrofit Kits (UL Type C). Products in this category employ lamp or LED strips connect to the fixture being retrofitted, do not operate off the existing fluorescent ballast, and require rewiring of the existing fixture to replace the ballast with an external driver. The lamp holders are then wired to receive only the low-voltage electricity that is supplied by that external driver. PROs: Easy to add dimming, 50 -60% energy savings, high rebates CONs: More labor, about 25 min per fixture, have to maintain ballast and tubes, tubes not interoperable 4. Dual Mode Internal Driver Linear Replacement Lamps(UL Type A and Type B) Products in this category have the ability to operate off the existing fluorescent ballast and also have the ability to operate off of line voltage if the troffer is rewired to bypass the ballast. 16

UL Listed Vs Classified Vs Recognized • Listed: Fully assembled, plug in and use • Classified: Some assembly required, consult instructions • Recognized: Component part, only useful as part of a system. Sometimes Recognized parts are also Listed. • Type A lamps are Listed or Recognized (intended for use only on ballast, Listed = any ballast, Recognized = select ballast) • Type B lamps are UL Listed, Type B retrofit kits (incl. instructions, sockets, and lamps) are Classified. • Type C kits are Classified, and typically made up of Recognized components. 17

Non-standardized wiring Wiring types: Single-end direct wire, double-end direct wire, dual mode, ballast compatible, external driver, lions, tigers, and bears… OH MY! “Assuming that the products will be used for a retrofit, the specifier and installer must understand the wiring configuration of the existing system, as well as the proper wiring for the new LED system. In order to be made safe, unmatched systems require additional work by electricians during installation. At this point, there appears to be little consensus emerging on the type(s) of connection used, with products included in this report having seven different configurations. ” Source: DOE Caliper 21 report, March 2014 18

Shock hazard – real or myth? Safety / UL Standard 1993 BE AWARE: UL certified products test this, ETL certified products may not! 19

My money’s on: Type B Single-end Direct wire • Straight forward retrofit: replace sockets – Obvious standard: input power is mains AC – Auto-ranging options 100 -277 VAC, one lamp for whole campuses. – Integrated driver is similar to screw-in bulbs • Maximizes energy and maintenance savings – No ballasts to replace, saves 1 -3 W/ballast – Compartmentalized: one lamp goes out, replace that lamp. – No compatibility issues: mix-and-match is OK 20

UNTANGLING THE *, ** WEB OF CODES *Only for lighting **Only in MN

Ever feel like this?

Current MN code ASHRAE 90. 1 -2010 Adoption Commercial - 6. 2. 2015 Residential – 2. 14. 2015 Source: MN Code Book Fact Sheet http: //www. dli. mn. gov/ccld/pdf/fs_1322_1323. pdf Code available at: http: //codes. iccsafe. org/app/book/content/2015_Min nesota/2015%20 Minnesota%20 Energy%20 Code%20 w ith%20 ASHRAE/CHAPTER%204%20[CE]. html

Lighting power density Assume 0. 5 W/sq ft as target… (1 fixture/90 sq ft)*(40 W/fixture) = 0. 45 W/sq ft LED can easily achieve LPD. Will standards “jump” LPDs to embrace LED?

Lighting: new in 90. 1 -2010 Requirement 2007 2010 w/ MN amendments Compliance trigger threshold New construction and >50% alteration New construction and >10% alteration Automatic shut-off (Vacancy sensor) Buildings > 5000 sq ft Basically all spaces Additional control requirement Switch, manual or automatic (occupancy sensor). Automatic defaults to 50%.

Lighting: new in 90. 1 -2010 Requirement 2007 2010 Daylight controls No requirement Automatic multi-level control on side-lit space >250 sq ft, top-lit >900 sq fat Multi-level control requirement No requirement Continuous or stepped w/ne point < 35% power, second point 50 -70%.

Lighting: new in 90. 1 -2010 Requirement 2007 2010 Parking lot No requirement Motion detection (30 min) and perimeter daylighting. Exterior lighting Daytime shut off (photocell or timer) and “reduced level depending on purpose. ”

What to expect in 90. 1 -2013 • Adoption in MN in 2018 (? ) • Controls prescriptions increase dramatically – Specific definitions on position, function – Alteration basically requires a network system

The California Energy Commission creates a new “performance path” April 2016 “[The retrofit] reduction must result in at least 50% lower compared to existing rated power at full light output for hotel, office, retail occupancies, and at least 35% lower rated power … for all other occupancies. ” LED retrofits should no longer be an issue in CA – provided performance goals are met 29

The California Energy Commission’s rational “These changes were made in response to stakeholders’ concerns with the [existing] 2013 language: • The language was too complex … • Running new wiring for multilevel and bilevel controls made some otherwise cost-effective projects no longer possible. • It was expensive to accurately determine lighting power densities and difficult to do so for nonrectangular spaces. • the newly adopted … percentage reduction… pathway that saves as much or more energy than the [prior] 2013 language” Performance, as opposed to prescriptive, regulations make sense for rapidly evolving technologies 30

CRASH COURSE IN BECOMING WORLD’S BEST AMATEUR LIGHTING SPECIFIER/DESIGNER 31

Electrical and photometric performance: LM-79 “Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products” • Reports Lumens, Watts, lm/W, CRI, CCT • Generates photometrics (distribution, cone, & iso plots, . ies files) • Basis for all performance reporting . ies files can be used with tools like AGI 32 or Vision to model light in a room. 32

Lumen maintenance: LM-80, TM-21, and L 70 • • • LM-80 “Measuring Luminous Flux and Color Maintenance of LED Packages, Arrays and Modules” is an accelerated life test (high heat) performed on LEDs, typically for 10, 000 hrs, measuring lumen output of samples every 1 k hr. LEDs are 97% initial brightness at end of test. It is not performed on lamps or fixtures. Also reports “chroma shift”. TM-21 “Projecting Long Term Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources” is a calculation run on the LM-80 data to predict when lumen output will be at 70% of initial value. L 70 means 70% lumens of initial lumens; L 90 is 90%. – Higher temperature or higher current reduce L 70 – Capped at 60, 000 hr according to TM-21, for 90% confidence interval 33

Thermal conditions & control • • • In Situ Temperature Measurement Test (ISTMT): Required by Energy Star, some DLC Elevated temperatures cause the LED to get dimmer faster. Heatsinks (exposed metal) are very important. – Stainless steel is not a heat sink. – All plastic or glass that insulates components increase temps 10 -20 C. 34

L 70 is not lifetime • L 70 is an estimate of useful life: a lamp at 70% its rated light is “worn out. ” – FYI, FL lamps have been -15% light for years now. Did anyone notice? • • LED driver is as statistically likely to fail as LEDs. Quality control and quality assurance are key to lifetime – Does mfg weed out lemons or “infant mortals? ” – What is the mfg’s failure rate? Energy Focus is 0. 07%, installers usually leave 1 -2% excess lamps just in case. – What does the warranty return process look like? – Will the company even be around in 5 yr to honor a warranty? • MFG failure rate is very telling of reliability and lifetime. 35

Color, CCT, and resolution • • • LED is the closest artificial light source to sun. Colors and spaces “render” better, even when CRI = 80. Look for “TM-30” to replace CRI Sunlight LED Incandescent Fluorescent 36

Color and CCT • Color is described by chroma coordinates • Quadrangles that surround the Plankian Locus define white light (correlated color temperature, CCT) – CCT (in Kelvin, K) is emission spectrum from a blackbody (star) • Mac. Adams ellipse defines the minimum human perceivable change in color. – Typically 3, 5, or 7 Macadams ellipses are needed for “different color” 6000 K (Sol) 4000 K 2500 K (Cold red giant star) 37

Color shift • LM-80 includes chroma shift results “duv” – duv =. 001 is 1 step Mac. Adams, about 50 K • CCT quadrangles are 3000 K, 3500 K, 4000 K, 4500 K, 5000 K, etc. • LED bins are +/- 200 K • How accurate do we need to be? 38

Controls: Dimming standards • NEMA SSL 7 A is new (2014) standard for phase-cut dimming – Phase cut popular in homes, fan speed controls – Causes massive flicker, harmonic distortion, low PF • IEC 60929 is legacy standard for 0 -10 V dimming. Defined range, current sink, and Overvoltage protection. • NEMA 137. 1 is new standard for 0 -10 V dimming. Will release this year. • Digital controls (DALI, proprietary) also define dimming standards. • Ask your manufacturer for power vs dimming level if you are implementing controls. 39

Thanks for your Time 40