Separations Visual Separation IANS ATC Objectives q State

Separations Visual Separation

IANS ATC Objectives q State the occasions when visual separation can be used [1] q Define Essential Traffic [1] q List the content of “Traffic Information” [1] q State the occasions when separation can be reduced [1] papavasileiou-atm 10 2

IANS ATC Topics q Application q Pilot’s Responsibility q Clearances q Reduction in Separation Minima q Summary papavasileiou-atm 10 3

IANS ATC Topics q Application q Pilot’s Responsibility q Clearances q Reduction in Separation Minima q Summary papavasileiou-atm 10 4

IANS ATC Visual Separation - Application q Visual separation is a means employed by ATC to separate aircraft in terminal areas and en route airspace. papavasileiou-atm 10 5

IANS ATC Application Two methods to employ Visual Separation: q The tower controller sees the aircraft involved and issues instructions, as necessary, to ensure that the aircraft avoid each other. papavasileiou-atm 10 6

IANS ATC Application q A pilot sees the other aircraft involved and upon instructions from the controller provides separation by manoeuvring the aircraft to avoid it. papavasileiou-atm 10 7

IANS ATC Topics q Application q Pilot’s Responsibility q Clearances q Reduction in Separation Minima q Summary papavasileiou-atm 10 8

IANS ATC Pilot’s Responsibility q When pilots accept responsibility to maintain visual separation, they must maintain constant visual surveillance and not pass the other aircraft until it is no longer a factor papavasileiou-atm 10 9

IANS ATC Pilot’s Responsibility q The provision of vertical or horizontal separation by an ATC unit is not applicable in respect of any specified portion of a flight cleared subject to maintaining own separation and remaining in VMC papavasileiou-atm 10 10

IANS ATC Pilot’s Responsibility q It is for a flight so cleared to ensure, for the duration of the clearance, that it is not operated in such proximity to other flights as to create a collision hazard papavasileiou-atm 10 11

IANS ATC Pilot’s Responsibility q Accordingly, the issuance of a clearance to a VFR flight to fly subject to maintaining own separation and remaining in VMC has no other object than to signify that, for the duration of the clearance, the provision of separation by ATC is not entailed. Given that a flight is VFR, that flight must remain in VMC at all times papavasileiou-atm 10 12

IANS ATC Topics q Application q Pilot’s Responsibility q Clearances q Reduction in Separation Minima q Summary papavasileiou-atm 10 13

IANS ATC Clearances to Fly Maintaining Own Separation While in VMC q Requested by an aircraft and agreed by the pilot of the other aircraft q Provided it is so authorised by the appropriate ATS authority, q ACC may clear a controlled flight – operating in airspace Classes D and E in VMC – during the hours of daylight q To fly subject to maintaining own separation and remaining in VMC papavasileiou-atm 10 14

IANS ATC Clearances to Fly Maintaining Own Separation While in VMC q The clearance shall be for a specified portion of the flight at or below 10 000 ft (3050 m) during climb or descent, and subject to further restrictions as and when prescribed on the basis of Regional Air Navigation Agreements. papavasileiou-atm 10 15

IANS ATC Clearances to Fly Maintaining Own Separation While in VMC q If there is a possibility that flight under VMC may become impracticable, an IFR flight shall be provided with alternative instructions to be complied with in the event that flight in VMC cannot be maintained for the term of the clearance. papavasileiou-atm 10 16

IANS ATC Clearances to Fly Maintaining Own Separation While in VMC • The pilot of an IFR flight, on observing that conditions are deteriorating and considering that operation in VMC will become impossible, shall inform ATC before entering IMC and shall proceed in accordance with the alternative instructions given. papavasileiou-atm 10 17

IANS ATC Topics q Application q Pilot’s Responsibility q Clearances q Reduction in Separation Minima q Summary papavasileiou-atm 10 18

IANS ATC Loss of Separation If two or more aircraft are separated by less than the prescribed minima: q Use every means at to obtain the required minimum with the least possible delay; and q When considered practicable, pass “essential traffic” information. Essential traffic is that controlled traffic to which the provision of separation by ATC is applicable, but which, in relation to a particular controlled flight is not, or will not be, separated from other controlled traffic by the appropriate separation minimum papavasileiou-atm 10 19

IANS ATC Essential Traffic Information q direction of flight of aircraft concerned; q type and wake turbulence category (if relevant) of aircraft concerned; q cruising level of aircraft concerned; and Ø estimated time over the reporting point nearest to where the level will be crossed; or Ø relative bearing of the aircraft concerned in terms of the 12 -hour clock as well as distance from the conflicting traffic; or Ø actual or estimated position of the aircraft concerned. papavasileiou-atm 10 20

IANS ATC Reduction in Separation Minima q Level of safety will be maintained q Special aids enable the pilot to determine accurately the aircraft’s position and to transmit the position to ATC without delay q Radar-derived information together with rapid and reliable communication q Special aids enable the controller to predict rapidly and accurately the flight paths of aircraft q RNAV papavasileiou-atm 10 21

IANS ATC Topics q Application q Pilot’s Responsibility q Clearances q Reduction in Separation Minima q Summary papavasileiou-atm 10 22

IANS ATC LESSON END papavasileiou-atm 10 23