SENTENCES 101 SUBJECT VERB SENTENCE a SUBJECT does

SENTENCES 101

SUBJECT + VERB = SENTENCE a SUBJECT does the action. It must be person, place, or thing. he she Susan the class bus the school a VERB is a word that denotes action, or a state of being, in a sentence. sit read am stand is goes

CLAUSES Any type of clause has: _____________ and _____________

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CLAUSES: Independent Clause Dependent Clause

An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, expressing a complete thought. It could stand alone as a complete sentence. s v

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

An independent clause is the same thing as a complete sentence. Complete Sentence = Independent clause

A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, but it does not express a complete thought. This happens when a dependent word has attached itself to the clause. The teacher let class out early because the students finished their homework.

COMMON DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATING)WORDS after how till ( or 'til) although if unless as inasmuch until as if in order that when as long as lest whenever as much as now that where as soon as provided (that) wherever as though since while because so that which before than what even if that whatever even though who/ whoever

IDENTIFY THE DEPENDENT CLAUSES When we went to Metropolitan Community College, we loved English class. Now that I know how to identify subjects and verbs, I write confidently. I think pickles are gross because I hate the taste of vinegar.

THE MAIN SUBJECT ANDMAIN VERB OF A SENTENCE ISALWAYS IN THE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE BECAUSE… IT IS THE PART THAT IS COMPLETE AND IT CAN STAND ON ITS OWN.

IDENTIFY THE MAIN SUBJECT AND MAIN VERB When we went to Metropolitan Community College, we loved English class. Now that I know how to identify subjects and verbs, I write confidently. I think pickles are gross because I hate the taste of vinegar.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE They cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. When it does, it is called a sentence fragment. Because the students finished their homework. When we went to Metropolitan Community College.

FRAGMENT TEST: Is there a verb? If no, there is a fragment Is there a subject? If no, there is a fragment Do the subject and verb start with a subordinating word—and lack an independent clause to complete thought? If yes, there is a fragment.

HOWEVER, INTENTIONAL FRAGMENTS…. . can be very effective when used infrequently and for special purposes. Two of the most common intentional fragments are answers to rhetorical questions, which is often the case in dialogue) and lists of key terms the writer wants to emphasize. Was I surprised to learn I was a good writer? Not really. Wrigley Field. Soldiers Field. Comiskey Park. United Center. These are home to Chicago’s major sports teams.

PART 2

THERE ARE FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Simple IC Our school offers many programs. Compound IC + IC Our school offers many programs, and we are expanding our offerings every year. + Complex IC + DC (one or more) The student did poorly on the exam because she didn’t study. Because she didn’t study, the student did poorly on the exam. + Compound-Complex + + IC + DC (one or more) Our school offers many programs, and we are expanding our offerings every year despite competition from other institutions.

COMPOUND SENTENCES: Main Subject Main Verb + Main Subject Main Verb Use a comma AND a Coordinating Conjunction to combine them together A Coordinating Conjunction is one of the FANBOYS

Compound sentences use coordinating conjunctions FANBOYS For And Nor But Or Use one of these to make a compound sentence Yet So +

MAKE THESE TWO I. C. INTO A COMPOUND SENTENCE I didn’t finish my homework. + I am skipping class today.

HOW MANY MAIN SUBJECTS AND VERBS ARE THERE? I didn’t finish my homework, so I am skipping class today.

IF YOU DO NOT USE AFANBOYS, THEN YOU HAVE A RUN ON SENTENCE, AND YOU MUST SEPARATE THEM OR USE A SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION. I didn’t finish my homework I am skipping class today. RUN-ON SENTENCE

Complex sentences use subordinating conjunctions after how till ( or 'til) although if unless as inasmuch until as if in order that when as long as lest whenever as much as now that where as soon as provided (that) wherever as though since while because so that which before than what even if that whatever even though who/ whoever Use one of these To make a Complex sentence +

Complex sentences can be structured 2 ways If the dependent clause comes after the independent clause, no comma is used. ● IC + DC We will discuss the matter further when we meet next week. + ● If the dependent clause comes before the independent clause, a comma is necessary. DC + IC When we meet next week, we will discuss the matter further. +

IS THIS A COMPOUND SENTENCE OR COMPLEX? The student did poorly on the exam because she didn’t study.

IS THIS A COMPOUND SENTENCE OR COMPLEX? The student did poorly on the exam, yet she passed the class.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCES IC + DC (one or more) Our school offers many programs, and we are expanding 2 1 our offerings every year despite that other schools compete with us. 3

PART 3 Semicolons

Some of the most common stitches in embroidery are: cross stitch; where you stitch an x as one stitch to make a design out of a lot of xs, back stitch; the outline of most standard embroidery patterns, and satin stitch; where you fill in a whole area by starting at the top of desired area and make a stitch all the way to the bottom.

CORRECT OR INCORRECT? When too many people are driving in a hurry; tempers can flare.

PART 4 Colons

COLONS ARE USED WHEN…. Introducing a list or series During 13 years in the White House, Franklin D. Roosevelt had three vice presidents: Garner, Wallace, and Truman.

COLONS To introduce an explanation, an example, or a summary Princeton, New Jersey, is a hub of intellectual activity: it is home to Princeton University, the institute for Advanced Study, and numerous research centers.

COLONS To introduce a lengthy or heavily punctuated quotation (more than two lines or contains two or more commas) The instructions were confusing: “After adjusting toggles A, B, and C, connect bracket A to post A, bracket B to post B, and bracket C to post C, securing with clamps A, B, and C, as illustrated in figure 1. ”

COLONS Use colons in ratios The bill was defeated by a margin of 2: 1. Use colons between titles and subtitles American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson

COLONS So, colons should ALWAYS follow an independent clause. Do not use a colon if you are already introducing your list with for example, including, is, and such as.

Phrases

PHRASES A group of related words that lacks either a subject, a verb, or both. Cannot stand alone as a sentence (when it does, it is a fragment) Help make your writing more detailed and interesting Can appear at the beginning, end, or middle of a sentence Also can start with subordinating conjunctions (words from the orange box in part 1)

PHRASES CAN START WITH PREPOSITIONAL WORDS (DIRECTION WORD) For adventures on a budget, On the edge of a field Down the hill

PHRASES CAN START WITH –ING FORM OF VERB PHRASES CAN START WITH –ED –D PARTICIPLE VERB FORMS Molded of clay A holding pattern Catching the flu

PHRASES CAN START WITH To become To do To sleep TO + VERB

PHRASES Startled by the alarm, For adventures on a budget, , while not fun, on the edge of a field Down the hill f o e n o n t a h t t c e e j c i b t u s No a e v a h these rb e v D N A

PHRASE OR CLAUSE? For example, Until it’s almost impossible Especially his rebounding ability While I am at school In the seventeenth century

PHRASE OR CLAUSE? I plan to transfer next semester Students respond differently Into the bowl Water goes into the bowl

HOW DO YOU PUNCTUATE PHRASES? Use commas to separate phrases from the rest of the sentence when the phrase contains information NOT ESSENTIAL to the meaning of the sentence. S essential phrase V The people who work in my office are loud. S non-essential V My brother, who lives across town, plans to throw a party.

HOW DO YOU PUNCTUATE PHRASES? Use commas to add phrases before a clause When in class, I fall asleep. If in doubt, don’t do it. After the test but before lunch, I went jogging. The sun radiating intense heat, we sought shelter in the cafe.

HOW DO YOU PUNCTUATE PHRASES? Add a phrase onto the end of a clause ONLY if that phrase doesn’t cause confusion by its placement there. Nancy waved enthusiastically at the docking ship, laughing joyously. Lisa waved at Nancy, laughing joyously. (Who is laughing, Lisa or Nancy? )

Independent Marker Word An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. Example: Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise. also moreover consequently nevertheless furthermore however therefore **USE these connectors WITH A SEMICOLON**