Sentence Types in Arabic In Arabic there are

Sentence Types in Arabic

�In Arabic, there are two types of sentences: � 1. The nominal sentence ( ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ )ﺍﻻﺳﻤﻴﺔ : It begins with a noun. For example: ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﺸﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﺬﺍﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻣﻬﺬﺑﺔ

Arabic verbs �Arabic verbs are mostly derived from roots that are composed of three letters. �Most roots in Arabic are composed of three letters, for example, ﺟﻠﺲ ، ﻗﺮﺃ ، ﻛﺘﺐ However, there are roots that are composed of more than three letters, such as, ﺩﺣﺮﺝ �The root of a word carries its basic meaning, and all words derived from the same root express similar or related meanings.

�All words derived from the same root are found under the dictionary entry of the root �For example: ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ، ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ، ﻛﺏ ، ﻣﻜﺘﻮﺏ ، ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ، ﻛﺎﺗﺐ : ﻛﺘﺐ �The first and the third letters in a root carry the short vowel symbol of fatha, but the second letter may either carry a fatha, a damma, or a kasra. For example: ﺣﻥ ، ﻛﺭ

�Tenses in Arabic in the Arabic language are not as specific as they are in English. They do not carry accurate time significance. �In Arabic, there are only 3 tenses, while in English there are 12 different tenses. �The tenses in Arabic are: 1. ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ the perfect or the past tense because it is used to refer to actions or events completed at the time of reference. For example: ﻣﺮﺿﺖ ، ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ، ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻠﺔ

2. ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ the imperfect because it is used to refer to actions or events are not completed at the time of reference, whether they are in progress or will happen in the future. For example, ، ﺃﺬﺍﻛﺮ ﺩﺭﻭﺳﻲ ، ﻳﺄﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ ﺳﺄﺤﻀﺮ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ

� 3. ﺍﻷﻤﺮ the imperative refers to a request or command, so its meaning refers mainly to the future. � ﺫﺍﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ � ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ

Subject-verb agreement in Arabic

When the verb is in the 3 rd person ( )ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺋﺐ and it comes before its subject, the verb is always in the singular form The teacher wrote …. . ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ The two teachers wrote …. ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎﻥ The teachers wrote …. . ﻛﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻮﻥ First: Verbs preceding subject

When the verb precedes its subject, it will agree with it in gender. The boy grew up ﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪ The girl grew up ﻛﺒﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺖ The boys grew up ﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻷﻮﻻﺩ The girls grew up ﻛﺒﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺕ The two boys grew up ﻛﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻟﺪﺍﻥ The two girls grew up ﻛﺒﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺘﺎﻥ

�With broken plurals, feminine verbs are used unless the broken plural refers to male human beings. For example: ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ �The actual gender is always taken into consideration even if the form of a noun does not agree. For example: ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ Not ﻗﺘﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ

When the verb follows its subject, it agrees with it in number and gender. For example The boys opened the door ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻷﻮﻻﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻮﻻﺩ ﻓﺘﺤﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ The girls entered ﺩﺧﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺕ ﺩﺧﻠﻦ Second: Verbs following subject

� The 3 rd person plural verb is used in the following three cases: � 1. when the plural subject is not mentioned. For example: ﺩﺭﺳﻮﺍ ، ﺃﻜﻠﻮﺍ ، ﺫﻫﺒﻮﺍ � 2. if the subject is placed first for stress or emphasis. For example: ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺫﻫﺒﻮﺍ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ � 3. if the subject has already been mentioned in a previous sentence. For example: ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﻠﺴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ . ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺛﻢ ﺫﻫﺒﻮﺍ ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻟﻬﻢ Using the 3 rd person plural verb

� Translate the following: � The student came. � The two students came. � The girl came. � The boys came. � The women came. � The men went to the mosque. � The students took their exam. Then, they went home. Revision