SENTENCE STRUCTURE DECLARATIVE IMPERATIVE INTERROGATIVE EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE STRUCTURE

SENTENCE STRUCTURE DECLARATIVE IMPERATIVE INTERROGATIVE EXCLAMATORY

SENTENCE STRUCTURE § Simple Sentence – one independent clause § Compound Sentence – two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon § Complex Sentence – one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses § Compound/Complex Sentence – two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses

Loose or Cumulative Sentence § Main clause is at the beginning of the sentence – “Laughter broke out, enormous, almost hysterical, peal and peal, as though it would never stop. ”

Periodic Sentence § Main clause is at the end of the sentence – It forces the reader to retain information from the beginning of the sentence and often builds to a climactic statement with meaning unfolding slowly. § “Naked from throat to navel, their dark brown bodies painted with white lines, their faces inhuman with daubings of scarlet, black and ochre, two Indians came running along the path. ”

Balanced Sentence § Phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length. – “He shut his eyes; he rubbed his cheek against his own powdered arm. ” – “They were standing on the roof; Big Henry had just sung eleven. ” – “Cloaks of turkey feathers fluttered from their shoulders; huge feather diadems exploded gaudily round their heads. ”

Antithetical Sentence § Contains two statements which are balanced, but opposite. – “But as I make the laws here, I can also break them. ”

Juxtaposition § Poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, often creating an effect of surprise and wit. – “Lying in bed, he would think of Heaven and London and Our Lady of Acoma and the rows and rows of babies in clear bottles and Jesus flying up and Linda flying up and the great Director of World hatcheries and Awonawilona. ”

Asyndeton § Deliberate omission of conjunctions in a series of related clauses; it speeds the pace of the sentence. – “Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure? ” Julius Caesar

Ellipsis § The deliberate omission of a word or words which are readily implied by the context; it creates an elegant or daring economy of words. – “This room was chill, because it seldom had a fire; it was silent, because [it was] remote from the nursery and kitchens; [it was] solemn, because it was known to be so seldom entered. ”

Parallel Structure (parallelism) § Grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence. § It involves an arrangement of words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased. – “Brutus is noble, wise, valiant, and honest; Caesar was mighty, bold, royal, and loving. ” Julius Caesar

Polysyndeton § Deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis—to highlight quantity or mass of detail or to create a flowing, continuous sentence pattern; it slows the pace of the sentence. – “Nor stony tower, nor walls of beaten brass Nor airless dungeon, nor strong links of iron, Can be retentive to the strength of spirit; ” Julius Caesar

Anaphora § Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses. – It helps to establish a strong rhythm and produces a powerful emotional effect. § “And do you now put on your best attire? And do you now cull out a holiday? And do you now strew flowers in his way? . . . “ Julius Caesar

Anadiplosis § Repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause; it ties the sentence to its surroundings. – Pardon Caesar, pardon!” Julius Caesar

Epanelepsis § The repetition of the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause – It tends to make the sentence or clause in which it occurs stand apart from its surroundings. – “Seven o’clock, time to get up, seven o’clock

Epistrophe § Repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses; it sets up a pronounced rhythm and gains a special emphasis both by repeating the word and by putting the word in the final position. § “For Brutus is an honorable man, § So are they all honorable men. ” Julius Caesar

Inverted Order of a Sentence § A sentence is constructed so that the predicate comes before the subject to create an emphatic or rhythmic effect. – “The channel wound between precipitous bands, and slanting from one wall to the other across the valley ran a streak of green—the river and its fields. ”

Antimetabole § The arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a reversal of the first; it adds power through its inverse repetition. – “A piece of work that will make sick men whole. But are not some whole that we must make sick? ” Julius Caesar

Rhetorical Questions § A question that requires no answer. It is used to draw attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement. – “I ought to have been there, ” the young man went on. “Why wouldn’t they let me be the sacrifice? I’d have gone round ten times— twelve, fifteen”

Rhetorical Fragment § A sentence fragment used deliberately for a persuasive purpose or to create a desired effect. – “They could have had twice as much blood from me. The multitudinous seas incarnadine”