SENTENCE CONNECTORS Subordinating Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions COORDINATING

SENTENCE CONNECTORS Subordinating, Coordinating and Correlative Conjunctions

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Importance Subordinating & coordinating conjunctions are important because they join different clauses to form long, well constructed sentences.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS § A coordinating conjunction connects words, phrases, or groups of words in a sentence. The words or phrases being connected should be equal or similar. § There are seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS § An easy way to remember the coordinating conjunctions is to remember FANBOYS. § for, and, but nor, yet, so Simple Sentence: consists of only one independent clause, with a single subject and predicate. Compound Sentence: has at least two independent clauses joined by a comma, semicolon or conjunction.

FOR - Explains reason or purpose (just like “because”) Example I study until late every night, for I have exams at the end of this month. (two independent clauses – compound sentence)

§ AND - ADDS ONE THING TO ANOTHER Example John likes to fish and hunt. (one Independent clause: simple sentence) John likes to fish, and he often goes fishing with friends. (two independent clause: compound sentence)

§ NOR - USED TO PRESENT AN ALTERNATIVE NEGATIVE IDEA TO AN ALREADY STATED NEGATIVE IDEA Example I don’t go for the fresh air nor really for the ducks. Honestly, I just like the soccer. (one independent clause) She does not eat meat, nor does she drink milk. They had no ice-cream left at home, nor did they have money to go to the store.

§ BUT - SHOWS CONTRAST Example The soccer in the park is entertaining in the winter, but it’s better in the heat of summer. ( two independent clauses – compound sentence)

§ OR - PRESENTS AN ALTERNATIVE OR A CHOICE Example The men play on teams: shirts or skins. (one independent clause – simple sentence) They can register for classes online, or they can register by mail. (two independent clauses – compound sentence)

YET - INTRODUCES A CONTRASTING IDEA THAT FOLLOWS THE PRECEDING IDEA LOGICALLY (SIMILAR TO “BUT”) I always take a book to read, yet I never seem to turn a single page. (two independent clauses – compound) It is sunny yet cold. (one independent clause –simple)

§ SO - INDICATES EFFECT, RESULT OR CONSEQUENCE Example I’ve started dating one of the soccer players, so now I have an excuse to watch the game each week. (two independent clauses – compound) I did not eat breakfast this morning, so I am a little hungry now. (two independent clauses – compound)

EXERCISE

• Would you rather have cheese ____ salami on your sandwich? for nor or yet

§ His two favorite sports are football ______ tennis. or and for nor

§ I wanted to go to the beach, _______ Mary refused. but or so for

Exercise For each of the conjunctions that you have learnt, create a correct sentence. FANBOYS

Subordinating Conjunctions

What is a subordinating conjunction? A subordinating conjunction makes a clause within a sentence dependent on a complete sentence in order to make sense A subordinate conjunction is followed by a subject and predicate

Common Subordinating Conjunctions To Tell a TIme After As As soon as Before Since Until Whenever while He goes to school after he finishes work. Several overcrowded busses passed as they were waiting. She felt better as soon as she took the medicine. Before you apply to college, you have to take an entrance exam. It has been a year since I left home. We can’t leave the room until everyone finishes the test. When you start college, you sometimes have to take a placement test. Whenever I don’t sleep well, I feel sick the next day. While they were waiting for buses, we were eating our breakfast. Complex Sentence – a sentence that contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clause .

Common Subordinating Conjunctions To give a reason Because Since Jack excels at sports because he trains hard. Since she works out daily, Jill is in great condition. To tell where Where wherever I can never remember where I put my house keys. A baby animal follows its mother wherever she goes. To make a contrast Although Even though Whereas I love my brother although we disagree about almost everything. Even though the test was difficult, he passed the exam with flying colours. He dresses conservatively, whereas I like to be a little shocking.

Consider the following complete sentence: Kate dropped the pizza on the floor.

Now look what happens when we add a subordinating conjunction: Because Kate dropped the pizza on the floor What happened to the complete sentence? Now it is dependent on another clause or complete sentence in order to make sense.

Add a complete sentence: Because Kate dropped the pizza on the floor she had to clean it up.

Try another one! Whenever the teacher assigns homework What is the subordinating conjunction? What is the subject that follows it? What is the predicate? Add a complete sentence…

A complete sentence… Whenever the teacher assigns homework, the students start to cry. the students run for the hills. the students jump for joy!

Complete the following sentences using appropriate subordinating conjunctions. 1. I make it a point to visit the Taj Mahal …………………. I go to Agra. 2. This is the place I used to stay ……… I was studying at college. 3. ………………. . you get the first rank, I will buy you a car. 4. ………………. . you work hard, you can’t pass the entrance test.

5. I am leaving tomorrow ………………… you did not give me the permission. 6. He could not get a seat, ………………. . he came early. 7. The players delivered a splendid performance …………………. they had rehearsed well. 8. Parents should give enough attention to children ………………. . they will not feel neglected.

Answers 1. I make it a point to visit the Taj Mahal whenever I go to Agra. 2. This is the place I used to stay when I was studying at college. 3. If you get the first rank, I will buy you a car. 4. Unless you work hard, you can’t pass the entrance test. 5. I am leaving tomorrow even though you did not give me the permission. 6. He could not get a seat although he came early.

7. The players delivered a splendid performance as /because they had rehearsed well. 8. Parents should give enough attention to children so that they will not feel neglected.

CORRELATIVE CONJUCTIONS

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS • A correlative conjunction is essentially a coordinate conjunction used in pairs. • A correlative conjunction gets its name from the fact that it is a paired conjunction that has a reciprocal or complementary relationship. • Correlative conjunctions always join grammatically equal elements (e. g. , noun & noun, adjective & adjective, phrase & phrase, clause & clause, etc. ).

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNCTIO NS • Correlative conjunctions also lend equal weight to the joined elements; - one joined element is always equal to but never subordinate to the other.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS • Correlative conjunctions are essentially paired coordinating conjunctions. • The meaning expressed by a sentence with correlative conjunctions is basically the same as a sentence with a coordinating conjunction. • The difference is only a matter of emphasis, where the correlative conjunction reinforces the fact that there are two equal elements or ideas in the sentence.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Five (5) pairs of correlative conjunctions commonly used in English. Either … or Neither … nor Not only … but also Whether … or Both … and

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Example • Either Ali or Meena can take the message.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Example • This movie isn’t liked by neither the girls nor the boys.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Example • In 1795 B. C. E. , Babylon was not only the capital city of ancient Babylonia but also the world's first metropolis.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Example • Whether we eat at the restaurant or at home depends on how much time we have.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS Example • Both the director and the actor were furious.

Fill in the blanks with the words or, nor, but also, or and. 1. I have both respect _____ admiration for them. 2. It will rain either today _____ tomorrow. 3. He is neither mad _____ upset. 4. I do not know whether he has seen the movie before _____ not. 5. We not only dressed up for the holiday _____ decorated the school.

6. The crowd was both large _____ excited. 7. We should either walk quickly _____ take the bus. 8. I don’t know whether I want to study Spanish _____ Russian. 9. Both my uncle _____ my cousin live in New York. 10. Neither my brother _____ my sister can go to the game.

Circle the correlative conjunction and underline the words or groups of words that it connects. l. Ellen usually either walks or rides her bike to school. 2. This pie crust is not only tender but also flaky. 3. Both Paul and his family are Tiger fans. 4. My new record was neither in its jacket nor on the turntable. 5. Do you know whether Shana or her sister took the message?

6. The dinner includes either salad or vegetable. 7. Ben not only set the table but also washed the dishes. 8. Either Fran will make the arrangements, or Mom will be angry. 9. My sneakers are neither in the closet nor under my bed. 10. I like both sausage and peppers in my sandwich.

Task Write a short paragraph (about 150 words) on the topic “My best friend”. Underline the coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions and correlative conjunctions that you have used in the passage.

Identify the sentences: Simple, Compound or Complex 1. I put the pillow over my head when the alarm clock rings in the morning. 2. People are walking and jogging in the park. 3. The sun is shining, and there are no clouds in the sky. 4. It was a beautiful day, so we decided to go to the skateboard park. 5. As soon as we arrived, we put on our rollerblades.

Simple/Compound/Complex? 6. Alex broke his arm because he was not careful. 7. After coming home from work, I found a cobra in my living hall. 8. Juan said he was eating too much, but he ate a second piece of cake. 9. Albert likes ice-cream, but he likes pizza better. 10. Mary and Jane arrived at the bus station early but waited until noon for the bus.