Sense relations Lexical and sense relations Lexical relations

Sense relations

Lexical and sense relations • Lexical relations • (syntagmatic relations) • Sense relations (paradigmatic relations) • collocations Synonimy, Antonimy Hyponimy Homonymy/polysemy

Sense relations • Synonymy • loaded-rich-affluent • Same propositionalmeaning, different registers • words are normally synonyms with regard to one or more components of their meanings, but not all of them

• • Antonymy Happy-sad (gradable) Dead-alive (ungradable) Buy-sell (converse)

Hyponymy • E. g. Chess-GAMES • Useful to organize the vocabulary in taxonomies and notice overlaps, mismatches and correspondeces

e. g. accommodation home B&B Cottage … hotel sistemazione camping casa glamping B&B Villino/cottage … Hotel /albergo/ pensione camping --

Polysemy • Polysemy: one word with different meanings (all related to some extent) – The newspaper got wet in the rain – The newspaper fired some of its editorial staff

Business: a polysemic word Buying and selling of goods/industry Amount of trade done Firm/shop Work/ responsibility (Important) matter Situation/event

Can you find examples of different meanings of business?

Translate into Italian • With the right planning, effort and a little bit of luck, 2016 could be a great year to start up a business. But why would you want to go it alone in the first place? What are the advantages of starting up a business?

• Things You Must Know Before Selling Your Business • Selling a business is never an easy or simple process. However, the rewards can be great, and ultimately, life-changing, so if you do decide to sell there are six key things you need to be aware of that will help you prepare and maximize your chances of success. Getting it wrong before you start can ruin any hopes of a sale and can mean many months of your time wasted.

• Even though films such as the soon to be released Suffragette show that the UK’s still got a great blockbusting film industry, young people are finding getting into the movie biz more challenging than ever.

“core business” CAFÉ CULTURE IN THE WORKPLACE Albacore is established as one of the most respected caterers in Scotland. Our core business is to provide restaurants and cafes in workplaces across Scotland. At Albacore we have established a reputation for providing fantastic food and service, tailored to meet - and exceed - the expectations of every client and customer. We enjoy making each staff restaurant a creative and relaxing place to eat, with great food and drink, prepared from the very best ingredients.

Homonymy two words with the same form (with no meaning relation) – My dog barks at the mailman – The tree’s bark was a rusty brown

Translation ‘problems’ I • synonymy/antonymy in polysemous words • One synonym/antonym for each propositional meaning • Light (cf. p. 19) • Meaning • Synonym • Antonym well lit (a light room) not bright (light colours) bright pale dark bright

How would you translate this in Italian? • • Rough surface Rough skin Rough sea Rough voice Rough crowd Rough work Rough estimate antonym even smooth calm soft polite skilful exact

Translation problems II • Non-equivalence • (culture-specific concepts: food, dwelling, religion, institutions…) • E. g. masseria, • • Strategies use a hypernym: farm, farm stay Use a loan word: ‘masseria’ use a loan word (with explanation): ‘masseria’, a farm offering accommodation, restoration and recreation.

How would you translate that? • All the cottages and apartments are Grade II Historic Listed Buildings • In three months, Basil, the Haughmond’s hotel new fine-dining restaurant, has won two AA rosettes and has been included in the Micheline Guide. • The space is great: it seats just 16, giving a cosy supper-club feel.

• • AA rosettes Explanation: Awards given by the Automobile Association The AA is a British motoring association founded in 1905, which currently provides car insurance, driving lessons, breakdown cover, loans, motoring advice, road maps and other services. • Linguee: rosette della AA/dell’associazione AA (fonte: micheline. it ) • Similar to “stelle micheline” > rosette AA

Translation problems III • Polysemy and homonymy are often exploited for witticism (wordplay or pun), but different languages may have different of polysemy for equivalent words, and homonyms may not correspond as well. • Activities 3. 4. 1

Germany’s Bright Idea Every night at 11 p. m. , the village of Dörentrup in central Germany is thrown into total darkness. Strapped for cash for the past few years, the local council has taken to switching off all the streetlights. But while the scheme saves money, it left residents like Dieter Grote and his wife worrying about their children coming home in the dark. "My wife has all the good ideas, " says Grote, who runs an advertising agency. "I discussed the problem with her and we thought it must be possible to have the lights available on demand. " Grote got in touch with the local utility company Lemgo and noodled a solution: How about turning on the village lights with a simple telephone call? A few months later, Lemgo had developed a special modem and software and, together with Grote, launched Dial 4 Light — billed as the first project of its kind in Europe.

Master Stroke. Swimming, Nicola Keegan’s debut novel, understands that life is most interesting at the deep end • If you've ever wondered what deep thought might pass through the mind of a champion swimmer being honored as SPORTS ILLUSTRATED's female athlete of the year, flip to page 220 of Nicola Keegan's novel Swimming (Knopf; 305 pages), on which Philomena (Pip) Ash, fictitious Olympic gold medalist and the novel's heroine, observes that "it will be the only night in my life where I will dine almost entirely surrounded by people taller than myself. "

“Germany’s Bright Idea” 1. Homonym, double meaning of “bright”: 2. 1. Full of light 3. 2. Clever “Master Stroke”, homonym, double meaning of ‘stroke’ 1. Masterstroke is a skilful action or plan which results in complete success (colpo da maestro) 2. “stroke” repeated arms movement made when swimming (bracciata)

Can you explain the puns in these utterances • Rose, the cereal killer (Headline about a woman serving breakfast in prison, who poisoned inmates) • A provost at Eaton once boasted that he could do The Times crossword in the time it took his morning egg to boil, prompting one wag to suggest that the school may have been Eaton, but the egg wasn’t. (Bill Bryson, Mother Tongue, Ch. 15 Wordplay p. 223)

• Sofa, so good (Furniture advertisement) • Sonia and yet so far (headline, The Economist 20 th May 2004 (About the President of the Indian National Congress Sonia Gandhi’s refusal to serve as prime minister)

…another sense relation: homophony • Homophones Cereal/serial Eaten/Eaton /ˈsɪə. ri. əl/ /i: . tən/ • Quasi-homophony • /səʊ fɑː/ /ˈsəʊ. fə/ • /səʊ nɪə/ /sɔ. nja/

1. Sofa and so far are homophones 2. Sonia and So near are homophones