Sense Avoid for UAV Systems A SAS TN

Sense & Avoid for UAV Systems A SAS TN 2 Meeting, Glasgow – September 12 th 2006

Agenda n What is a UAV System n The Sense & Avoid Function for UAV Systems n Relationship with Air Traffic Control n Potential solutions ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 n Conclusion 2 Aerospace

WHAT IS A UAV SYSTEM ? UAV AIR SEGMENT AIR VEHICLE PROPULSION AVIONICS MISSION PAYLOAD DATA LINK ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 GROUND CONTROL STATION 3 OPERATORS UAV GROUND SEGMENT Aerospace LAUNCH & RECOVERY / TAKE OFF & LANDING SYSTEM

UAV Systems live in a complex world 00110010001100 110010 001101 ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 110100 4 Aerospace 100100 11 10

Ground Control Station ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 Payload operator 5 Aerospace Mission controller

Applications n UAV Systems have a high probability to be developed for an increasing number of applications : Military systems : surveillance and target designation (ISTAR), countermeasures, weapon delivery, etc. . . n Security : border surveillance, maritime surveillance, anti-terrorism, sensitive sites surveillance, etc. . . n Civil applications : forest fire detection, pollution detection, agriculture, fishing, etc. . . ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 n 6 Aerospace

UAV Systems specificities and constraints “No Pilot on board” implies : n Situation awareness only based on data acquired by sensors, downloaded analysed by to the ground operator (not equivalent to a pilot) n Latency exist due to the data transfer between the Air Vehicle and the ground station (up and down) n New failure configurations : Loss of Data Link : a sufficient level of autonomy is necessary n Sensor Failure may be critical ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 n 7 n No pilot able to “See and Avoid” , or “Detect and Avoid” neither in VMC nor in IFR The « Sense And Avoid » function replaces the « detect and avoid » in all situations Aerospace

The Sense & Avoid Function The global objective is to allow UAV Systems to operate safely within the non segregated civil and military airspace on a routinely basis. For this purpose, the UAV must be able to identify and be identified by the surrounding traffic as well as by the ATC. ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 Sense & Avoid solutions must be agreed by Airworthiness and Operations authorities, and economically reasonable for Industry. 8 Sense and Avoid solutions are a must for UAV Systems, but may lead to benefits for manned aircraft safety. Aerospace

ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 Regulation approach 9 n Demonstrate an Equivalent Level of Safety between manned and unmanned aircraft n Make the difference between manned and unmanned aircraft transparent to ATC and to other users n However, UAV have specific characteristics to be known by ATC Aerospace

Basic needs for Sense & Avoid should basically offer the capability To provide traffic awareness to the pilot / operator To perform avoidance manoeuvre in case of high collision risk n Traffic awareness : 1. Co-operative traffic n 2. Non co-operative traffic ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 n 10 n n Surrounding traffic carrying “Off the shelf” equipment enabling exchanges, like Transponders Mode S, or emerging technologies like ASAS/ADS-B Air vehicles not fitted with such equipment : general aviation, gliders, balloons, parachutes, . . . Then the solution should need new sensors to replace visual acquisition Avoidance manoeuvre : Safety net to be performed timely, based on traffic information and if possible shared decisions n Aerospace Typical current answer is the TCAS

Additional needs A global situation awareness system should also include : n Terrain awareness TAWS are mandatory on most of the aircraft n Terrain collision avoidance is also a need, in UAV Systems, for safety of on ground population n n Weather awareness ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 n 11 The on-ground pilot must also be aware of weather threats (precipitations, windshears, …) in order to avoid hazardous situations Global situation awareness should be equivalent for manned and unmanned aircraft Aerospace

Existing co-operative technology : TCAS II TCAS #1 to Mode S #2 Who are you? What is your altitude? Mode S #2 to TCAS #1 I am aircraft #2 I am at 29 000 ft ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 Mode S #1 to TCAS #2 12 I am aircraft #1 I am at 27 000 ft - Automatic Modes must be introduced - Safety Case to be developed Aerospace 0 8

Non co-operative technologies Technologies available for Non Co-operative traffic : n Light, medium range radars All weather recognition of other traffic by UAV n Transfer of traffic information to Ground Operator n Retasking by Ground Operator n Automatic retasking ? n ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 n EO/IR techniques 13 Specific EO cameras: low cost solution n Can be improved by IR n Why not use EO/IR payload when available (en route) ? n - Flight Tests / Simulations must be performed - Safety Case to be developed - Non co-operative technologies should complement co-operative Aerospace

Emerging technologies n ASAS / ADS-B may be useful for UAV Systems : ADS-B OUT : transfer of information (location, speed, UAV identification. . . ) from UAV to other users and ATC n ADS-B IN : Improved traffic situational awareness for UAV operators n If possible in the future : 4 D trajectories exchange n Potential delegation of specific spacing tasks to UAV Operators, like: n l Sequencing and Merging n TIS-B (Traffic Information Services – Broadcast) ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 n 14 ground station may broadcast aircraft information gathered by various means n Civil aviation emerging technologies may provide anticipated and consolidated situation awareness to UAV operators Aerospace

Potential Sense & Avoid solutions n Technologies exist to provide a Sense & Avoid system for UAV n A mix of co-operative and non co-operative techniques is likely to be necessary n ASAS / ADS-B techniques seem promising for Sense & Avoid n n Final system n Should provide a global situation awareness to UAV Operators in any configuration of traffic ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 Automatic 15 Alert to Ground Operator TACTICAL AWARENESS REACTIVE MODES Aerospace Alerts on threats XTerrain X Traffic X Weather Managed by Ground Operator & ATC STRATEGIC AWARENESS Management of potential hazards: X Terrain X Traffic X Weather

Conclusion n UAV Systems are newcomers in the Air Traffic n ADS-B / ASAS techniques may be a good answer to Sense & Avoid issues for UAV Systems, and need to be analysed as such ASAS TN 2 – Sept 12 th 2006 n Consequently, UAV Systems may be potential actors within the ADS-B / ASAS world and may have to exchange information with other users and ATC 16 n Developments made for UAV Systems (automatic modes, enhanced situation awareness, . . . ) might reciprocally be beneficial to other civil aviation applications. Aerospace