Sensation and Perception Unit 4 Sensation n Sensation
- Slides: 68
Sensation and Perception Unit 4
Sensation n Sensation vs. Perception
Steps to sensation n n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Accessory Structures Transduction Sensory Neurons Thalamus or Amygdala Cerbral Cortex
Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing
Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing n http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 jka. SI Oq. Ug. Y
Sensation n n Psychophysics Absolute threshold n n n Signal Detection theory Difference threshold n n n http: //www. garyfisk. com/anim/threshold. swf Just noticeable difference Weber’s Law Sensory Adaptation
Sensation n Subliminal Stimulation
Primary Sense Areas
Taste/Gustation n n Chemical Sense Receptors n n Primary tastes n n Taste buds sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami Flavor
Smell/Olfaction n Emotion n Chemical Receptors n n n Amygdala Olfactory rods Cilia Primary Odors Anosmia Gender Age
n Light Waves n n Frequency Amplitude Vision
Parts of the Eye n n n Cornea Pupil Iris Lens Retina
Eye, cont. n Receptors n n Fovea Blind Spot n n Cones Rods Optic Nerve Afterimages
Theories of Vision n n Parallel Processing Young-Helmholtz n n Trichromatic theory Opponent-Process Theory
Optical Defects n n Nearsightedness Farsightedness Night-blindness Colorblindness
Hearing n Sound Waves n Frequency n Pitch n n Hertz Amplitude n Loudness n Decibels
Parts of the Ear n Outer Ear n n Middle Ear n n n Auditory Canal Eardrum Hammer Anvil Stirrup Inner Ear n n Cochlea Basilar Membrane Cilia Auditory Nerve http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=7 O-adw-Hyr. Q
Theories of Hearing n n Place Theory Frequency- Matching theory n aka Volley Principle
Hearing Disabilities n n Conduction Deafness Nerve Deafness n n Aka sensorineural hearing loss Cochlear implant
Vestibular Sense n n Equilibrium Inner ear n n Semicircular canals Vestibular sacs
Touch n n Skin Pressure n n n Depressed Changes Active or Passive Temperature Pain n n A-delta fibers C fibers Serotonin Endorphins Gate control theory
Kinesthetic n Position and Movement n Receptors n Joints and muscles
Perception Optical Illusions
Perception n The interpretation of sensory information
Illusions
Gestalt n n n When given a cluster of sensations people tend to organize them into a gestalt A meaningful whole Necker cube
Gestalt n n Principles by which we organize our sensations into perceptions Our brain does more than register information about the world
Gestalt : Figure-Ground n The organization of the visual field into object (figures) that stand out from their surroundings
Figure Ground
More Figure-Ground
More Figure Ground
Gestalt : Grouping - Proximity n We group nearby figures ************
Gestalt : Grouping - Similarity n We group similar figures together
Gestalt : Grouping - Continuity n We perceive smooth, continuous patterns
Gestalt : Grouping - Connectedness n Because they are linked we perceive them as a set, even if they are not uniform
Gestalt : Grouping - Closure n We fill in gaps to create complete, whole objects
Grouping
Gestalt
Depth Perception n n The ability to see objects in 3 -D although the images that strike the retina are 2 -D Allows us to judge distance
Depth Perception n Visual Cliff
Depth Perception n Binocular Cues Depth cues that depend on two eyes n Retinal Disparity n
Binocular Cues n Convergence n n n when projecting images on the retinas, the eyes must rotate inward The closer the perceived object is, the more they must rotate Only effective for short distances (less than 25 feet)
Depth Perception n Monocular Cues n Depth cues that can be gained from either eye
Monocular Cues: relative height n We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther way
Monocular Cues: relative size n If we assume two objects are similar in size, we assume the smaller one is farther away
Relative Size
Monocular Cues: interposition n If one object partially block the view of another object, we perceive it as closer
Monocular Cues: linear perspective n Parallel line (railroad tracks) appear to converge in the distance. The more they converge, the greater their distance.
Illusions: Muller-Lyer
Monocular Cues: relative motion n. As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move
Monocular Cues: texture gradient n Most surfaces, such as walls and roads and a field of flowers in bloom, have a texture. As the surface gets farther away from us this texture gets finer/smaller/ smoother
Constancy: Size n We perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies
Constancy: Shape n We perceive the form of familiar objects as staying the same, even though the image on the retain changes
Contrast: Brightness
Contrast: Brightness
Perceptual Set n. Our interpretation can change depending on our prior experience
Reversible Figures
More Perception Fun n I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, t he olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rgh it pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!
n Poeetctrd whiitn the park is a daaitmrc ldsncpaae of sueulrctpd cnnyaos and srnoaig cfifls, mtsloy from the 170 molliin year old tan to onagre-red ssoanntde of the Njaavo Fmtroiaon.
n Protected within the park is a dramatic landscape of sculptured canyons and soaring cliffs, mostly from the 170 million year old tan to orange-red sandstone of the Navajo Formation.
n n n The trick behind the hoax is that not only are the first and last letters in the same place, but moreover, every consonant appears in the order of the word. Only the vowels are removed, rearranged, and replaced. This study wasn't done at Cambridge.
7 H 15 M 3554 G 3 53 RV 35 7 O PR 0 V 3 H 0 W 0 UR M 1 ND 5 C 4 N D 0 4 M 4 Z 1 NG 7 H 1 NG 5! 1 MPR 3551 V 3 7 H 1 NG 5! 1 N 7 H 3 B 3 G 1 NN 1 NG 17 WA 5 H 4 RD BU 7 N 0 W, 0 N 7 H 15 LIN 3 Y 0 UR M 1 ND 1 S R 34 D 1 NG 17 4 U 70 M 471 C 4 LLY W 17 H 0 U 7 3 V 3 N 7 H 1 NK 1 NG 4 B 0 U 7 17, B 3 PROUD! 0 NLY C 3 R 741 N P 30 PL 3 C 4 N R 3 AD 7 H 15.
Count the Fs n Finished files are the result of years of scientific study combined with the experience of years. . .
How many did you find? n 6 n Most people only count 3 n We usually miss the Fs in of n One theory is that we “see” it as a V
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