Sensation and Perception Unit 4 Sensation n Sensation

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Sensation and Perception Unit 4

Sensation and Perception Unit 4

Sensation n Sensation vs. Perception

Sensation n Sensation vs. Perception

Steps to sensation n n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Accessory Structures Transduction Sensory

Steps to sensation n n 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Accessory Structures Transduction Sensory Neurons Thalamus or Amygdala Cerbral Cortex

Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing

Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing

Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing n http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 jka. SI Oq.

Bottom-Up processing OR Top-Down processing n http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=0 jka. SI Oq. Ug. Y

Sensation n n Psychophysics Absolute threshold n n n Signal Detection theory Difference threshold

Sensation n n Psychophysics Absolute threshold n n n Signal Detection theory Difference threshold n n n http: //www. garyfisk. com/anim/threshold. swf Just noticeable difference Weber’s Law Sensory Adaptation

Sensation n Subliminal Stimulation

Sensation n Subliminal Stimulation

Primary Sense Areas

Primary Sense Areas

Taste/Gustation n n Chemical Sense Receptors n n Primary tastes n n Taste buds

Taste/Gustation n n Chemical Sense Receptors n n Primary tastes n n Taste buds sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami Flavor

Smell/Olfaction n Emotion n Chemical Receptors n n n Amygdala Olfactory rods Cilia Primary

Smell/Olfaction n Emotion n Chemical Receptors n n n Amygdala Olfactory rods Cilia Primary Odors Anosmia Gender Age

n Light Waves n n Frequency Amplitude Vision

n Light Waves n n Frequency Amplitude Vision

Parts of the Eye n n n Cornea Pupil Iris Lens Retina

Parts of the Eye n n n Cornea Pupil Iris Lens Retina

Eye, cont. n Receptors n n Fovea Blind Spot n n Cones Rods Optic

Eye, cont. n Receptors n n Fovea Blind Spot n n Cones Rods Optic Nerve Afterimages

Theories of Vision n n Parallel Processing Young-Helmholtz n n Trichromatic theory Opponent-Process Theory

Theories of Vision n n Parallel Processing Young-Helmholtz n n Trichromatic theory Opponent-Process Theory

Optical Defects n n Nearsightedness Farsightedness Night-blindness Colorblindness

Optical Defects n n Nearsightedness Farsightedness Night-blindness Colorblindness

Hearing n Sound Waves n Frequency n Pitch n n Hertz Amplitude n Loudness

Hearing n Sound Waves n Frequency n Pitch n n Hertz Amplitude n Loudness n Decibels

Parts of the Ear n Outer Ear n n Middle Ear n n n

Parts of the Ear n Outer Ear n n Middle Ear n n n Auditory Canal Eardrum Hammer Anvil Stirrup Inner Ear n n Cochlea Basilar Membrane Cilia Auditory Nerve http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=7 O-adw-Hyr. Q

Theories of Hearing n n Place Theory Frequency- Matching theory n aka Volley Principle

Theories of Hearing n n Place Theory Frequency- Matching theory n aka Volley Principle

Hearing Disabilities n n Conduction Deafness Nerve Deafness n n Aka sensorineural hearing loss

Hearing Disabilities n n Conduction Deafness Nerve Deafness n n Aka sensorineural hearing loss Cochlear implant

Vestibular Sense n n Equilibrium Inner ear n n Semicircular canals Vestibular sacs

Vestibular Sense n n Equilibrium Inner ear n n Semicircular canals Vestibular sacs

Touch n n Skin Pressure n n n Depressed Changes Active or Passive Temperature

Touch n n Skin Pressure n n n Depressed Changes Active or Passive Temperature Pain n n A-delta fibers C fibers Serotonin Endorphins Gate control theory

Kinesthetic n Position and Movement n Receptors n Joints and muscles

Kinesthetic n Position and Movement n Receptors n Joints and muscles

Perception Optical Illusions

Perception Optical Illusions

Perception n The interpretation of sensory information

Perception n The interpretation of sensory information

Illusions

Illusions

Gestalt n n n When given a cluster of sensations people tend to organize

Gestalt n n n When given a cluster of sensations people tend to organize them into a gestalt A meaningful whole Necker cube

Gestalt n n Principles by which we organize our sensations into perceptions Our brain

Gestalt n n Principles by which we organize our sensations into perceptions Our brain does more than register information about the world

Gestalt : Figure-Ground n The organization of the visual field into object (figures) that

Gestalt : Figure-Ground n The organization of the visual field into object (figures) that stand out from their surroundings

Figure Ground

Figure Ground

More Figure-Ground

More Figure-Ground

More Figure Ground

More Figure Ground

Gestalt : Grouping - Proximity n We group nearby figures ************

Gestalt : Grouping - Proximity n We group nearby figures ************

Gestalt : Grouping - Similarity n We group similar figures together

Gestalt : Grouping - Similarity n We group similar figures together

Gestalt : Grouping - Continuity n We perceive smooth, continuous patterns

Gestalt : Grouping - Continuity n We perceive smooth, continuous patterns

Gestalt : Grouping - Connectedness n Because they are linked we perceive them as

Gestalt : Grouping - Connectedness n Because they are linked we perceive them as a set, even if they are not uniform

Gestalt : Grouping - Closure n We fill in gaps to create complete, whole

Gestalt : Grouping - Closure n We fill in gaps to create complete, whole objects

Grouping

Grouping

Gestalt

Gestalt

Depth Perception n n The ability to see objects in 3 -D although the

Depth Perception n n The ability to see objects in 3 -D although the images that strike the retina are 2 -D Allows us to judge distance

Depth Perception n Visual Cliff

Depth Perception n Visual Cliff

Depth Perception n Binocular Cues Depth cues that depend on two eyes n Retinal

Depth Perception n Binocular Cues Depth cues that depend on two eyes n Retinal Disparity n

Binocular Cues n Convergence n n n when projecting images on the retinas, the

Binocular Cues n Convergence n n n when projecting images on the retinas, the eyes must rotate inward The closer the perceived object is, the more they must rotate Only effective for short distances (less than 25 feet)

Depth Perception n Monocular Cues n Depth cues that can be gained from either

Depth Perception n Monocular Cues n Depth cues that can be gained from either eye

Monocular Cues: relative height n We perceive objects higher in our field of vision

Monocular Cues: relative height n We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther way

Monocular Cues: relative size n If we assume two objects are similar in size,

Monocular Cues: relative size n If we assume two objects are similar in size, we assume the smaller one is farther away

Relative Size

Relative Size

Monocular Cues: interposition n If one object partially block the view of another object,

Monocular Cues: interposition n If one object partially block the view of another object, we perceive it as closer

Monocular Cues: linear perspective n Parallel line (railroad tracks) appear to converge in the

Monocular Cues: linear perspective n Parallel line (railroad tracks) appear to converge in the distance. The more they converge, the greater their distance.

Illusions: Muller-Lyer

Illusions: Muller-Lyer

Monocular Cues: relative motion n. As we move, objects that are actually stable may

Monocular Cues: relative motion n. As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move

Monocular Cues: texture gradient n Most surfaces, such as walls and roads and a

Monocular Cues: texture gradient n Most surfaces, such as walls and roads and a field of flowers in bloom, have a texture. As the surface gets farther away from us this texture gets finer/smaller/ smoother

Constancy: Size n We perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our

Constancy: Size n We perceive objects as having a constant size, even while our distance from them varies

Constancy: Shape n We perceive the form of familiar objects as staying the same,

Constancy: Shape n We perceive the form of familiar objects as staying the same, even though the image on the retain changes

Contrast: Brightness

Contrast: Brightness

Contrast: Brightness

Contrast: Brightness

Perceptual Set n. Our interpretation can change depending on our prior experience

Perceptual Set n. Our interpretation can change depending on our prior experience

Reversible Figures

Reversible Figures

More Perception Fun n I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I

More Perception Fun n I cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, t he olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rgh it pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!

n Poeetctrd whiitn the park is a daaitmrc ldsncpaae of sueulrctpd cnnyaos and srnoaig

n Poeetctrd whiitn the park is a daaitmrc ldsncpaae of sueulrctpd cnnyaos and srnoaig cfifls, mtsloy from the 170 molliin year old tan to onagre-red ssoanntde of the Njaavo Fmtroiaon.

n Protected within the park is a dramatic landscape of sculptured canyons and soaring

n Protected within the park is a dramatic landscape of sculptured canyons and soaring cliffs, mostly from the 170 million year old tan to orange-red sandstone of the Navajo Formation.

n n n The trick behind the hoax is that not only are the

n n n The trick behind the hoax is that not only are the first and last letters in the same place, but moreover, every consonant appears in the order of the word. Only the vowels are removed, rearranged, and replaced. This study wasn't done at Cambridge.

7 H 15 M 3554 G 3 53 RV 35 7 O PR 0

7 H 15 M 3554 G 3 53 RV 35 7 O PR 0 V 3 H 0 W 0 UR M 1 ND 5 C 4 N D 0 4 M 4 Z 1 NG 7 H 1 NG 5! 1 MPR 3551 V 3 7 H 1 NG 5! 1 N 7 H 3 B 3 G 1 NN 1 NG 17 WA 5 H 4 RD BU 7 N 0 W, 0 N 7 H 15 LIN 3 Y 0 UR M 1 ND 1 S R 34 D 1 NG 17 4 U 70 M 471 C 4 LLY W 17 H 0 U 7 3 V 3 N 7 H 1 NK 1 NG 4 B 0 U 7 17, B 3 PROUD! 0 NLY C 3 R 741 N P 30 PL 3 C 4 N R 3 AD 7 H 15.

Count the Fs n Finished files are the result of years of scientific study

Count the Fs n Finished files are the result of years of scientific study combined with the experience of years. . .

How many did you find? n 6 n Most people only count 3 n

How many did you find? n 6 n Most people only count 3 n We usually miss the Fs in of n One theory is that we “see” it as a V