Seminario de Investigacin Antecedentes y Marco Terico de

Seminario de Investigación • Antecedentes y Marco Teórico de una Tesis • Selección del Tema de Investigación L. Fuentes CIMAV

Billetes con Científicos Austria: Freud Grecia: Papanicolaou y Schrödinger Alemania: Gauss

Billetes con personalidades de la cultura Francia: Saint Exupéry México: Sor Juana de la Cruz +Austria: Mozart USA: B. Franklin Holanda: Van Gogh

ANTECEDENTES: Hace 200 años, había científicos como Michael Faraday …So Michael began to wound copper wire into coils, placed strong magnets in them and tried to observe a deflection in a compass. He had to connect the ends of the coil to a wire going far away enough so that the magnet itself had no influence on the compass. Nothing happened. He hunted for stronger magnets and wound coils with more turns in wire. Nothing happened. Week after week he kept on questioning his mind, performing his older experiments over and over again. They worked as his mind intended them to work. But not in this experiment. Why not? What was he over looking. Secretly Davy derived satisfaction from Faraday's failures -- he was not different than any one of them, he was not really a magician. One day, in sheer frustration, Michael rammed the magnet once again into the coil. The needle of the compass deflected!! Was he beginning to imagine things? He pulled the magnet slowly out of the coil and pushed it slowly in again. Nothing happened. With a quick action he pushed the magnet in and pulled it in. The needle moved!! The faster his movements, the greater the deflection. He ran to his small apartment and called his dear wife. She ran back with him. He repeated it all, first with slow movements and then faster and faster, his arm paining in trying to go to the edge of chaos. She cried with tears in her eyes when he, once again like a kid, began to dance with excitement and laugh with joy. Once again her beloved husband showed how mind can lead to emergences in the corporeal world.

ANTECEDENTES: Hace 200 años, había científicos como Michael Faraday Davy was astounded at these results. He urged Faraday carefully to first patent this invention. Then they ought to publish it together, piece by piece, so as to get maximum publicity from this discovery. Davy waited eagerly for his reply -- expecting glory to come as never before. But Michael thought differently, heeding to the religious dimension of his personality. He knew that it took his beloved God 40 years to prepare him and lead him to the biggest test of his life. God gave his mind so much power over the material world. Will he use it for his personal advantage, or will he give it over to humankind with the same love as he has received it from God? Michael could have patented his invention. He could have become the richest man in the world. In a firm, yet modest way, he declined Davy's help to get it patented. He did not patent Electromagnetic Induction. He rather described it in open publication, holding nothing back. Davy was astounded. How could Faraday do such a foolish thing? Was Lady Davy not right after all that they should never have dined with a man like Faraday which came from such a low class, a man who could not even self beget children. He tried to argue, but Faraday was resolute to see it through.

ANTECEDENTES J. M. Ziman: Principles of theory of solids (Prefacio) Las Fronteras del Conocimiento (por señalar una frase) siempre están en movimiento. El descubrimiento de hoy será mañana parte de la estructura mental de cualquier investigador. Para finales de la próxima semana estará en cada curso de posgrado. Dentro de un mes, habrá un clamor porque forme parte de los curricula de pregrado. El próximo año, creo, se le considerará un lugar común, supuestamente conocido por cualquier escolar. El proceso de hacer avanzar la línea de lo conocido, y de cultivar y civilizar nuevos territorios, tiene lugar por etapas. Los artículos originales son publicados para el deleite de sus autores y para el ojo crítico de los lectores. Aparecen artículos de revisión que proporcionan esquemas burdos y guías iniciales a través del nuevo bosque de literatura. Entonces vienen las monografías, mapas confiables que describen con exactitud el terreno que ha sido conquistado, ajustan reclamos sobre primicias y ponen cada parte de la teoría en su lugar. Finalmente necesitamos libros de texto. Hay una diferencia importante entre una monografía y un libro de texto. Una monografía expone; un libro de texto explica…

“MARCO TEÓRICO” EN LA INVESTIGACIÓN Y EN LA TESIS • Recordatorio: Qué es el Método Científico? • Estudio durante la investigación: Siempre un buen libro + artículos. • Estudio: Ignorancia + saber. • Teoría: cuanti + cuali • Teoremas + ejemplos • Visión de conjunto + estudio fino de los detalles • ¿Cómo estudiar? Visión de conjunto, estudio línea a línea • (apuntar dudas y seguir). • Importante: solución de problemas y escribir resumen propio. • El conocimiento teórico es nuestra principal herramienta de investigación, lo que permite que conservemos la ruta. • Al escribir la tesis, el “Marco Teórico” es un resumen de los conocimientos imprescindibles para avanzar en la lectura del documento. Debe contener abundantes referencias, que incluyan clásicos y actuales. "La ciencia consiste en sustituir el saber que parecía seguro por una teoría, o sea, por algo problemático" JOSÉ ORTEGA Y GASSET (1883 – 1955. Filósofo español. Premio Nobel de Literatura)

Algunos consejos sobre redacción: - Lluvia de ideas, desordenadas - Armar esqueleto del escrito, decidir orden de los párrafos - Redactar. Oraciones cortas, mucho punto y seguido. La secuencia de oraciones ya implicación. UN EJEMPLO (82 versus 20 palabras/oración): Recientemente se ha visto la gran importancia de la ambientación en relación con la actividad biológica, especialmente en la industria farmacéutica; hace algunos años varios estudios (e. g. , Matsuda, 1992; Yoshii, 1993) informaron que ciertos antibióticos causaban problemas porque cada isómero actuaba diferentemente en el cuerpo, por ejemplo, uno puede ser farmacológicamente activo, mientras que el otro puede ser inactivo o tener un grado diferente de actividad o causar efectos perjudiciales; el problema se acentúa porque en muchos casos los antibióticos racémicos son muy inferiores a los isómeros puros. Recientemente se ha visto la gran importancia de la ambientación en relación con la actividad biológica, especialmente en la industria farmacéutica. Hace algunos años, varios estudios (e. g. , Matsuda, 1992; Yoshii, 1993) informaron que ciertos antibióticos causaban problemas porque cada isómero actuaba diferentemente en el cuerpo. Por ejemplo, uno puede ser farmacológicamente activo, mientras que el otro puede ser inactivo o tener un grado diferente de actividad o causar efectos perjudiciales. El problema se acentúa porque en muchos casos los antibióticos racémicos son muy inferiores a los isómeros puros. http: //edicionesdigitales. info/Manual/longoracpar. html

Consejos para una presentación: - Una defensa de tesis NO ES una clase, es una proclamación de autoría de resultados. Las cosas se dicen UNA VEZ, con lenguaje preciso. No caben repeticiones. Una presentación es una secuencia de sentencias. - Láminas con poco texto. (Esta presentación es un contra-ejemplo).

020 200 SSRL: Ba. Bi 4 Ti 4 O 15 high-resolution diffraction pattern and Rietveld refinement Observed and calculated XRD patterns. SSRL (Stanford) beamline 2 -1. The splitting of 200 and 020 peaks show that the tetragonal symmetry is broken, resulting in the orthorhombic 10 space group F 2 mm.

The structure-properties relationship in Aurivillius phases z x Ba. Bi 4 Ti 4 O 15 (n = 4) (Fuentes et al. Ferroelectrics, 2002) Space group: F 2 mm. Lattice params (Å): a = 5. 4680(4) ; b = 5. 4551(4); c = 41. 857(3) y Properties: Electric dipole moment XRD: 160 m. C/m 2. Measured value: 150 m. C/m 2. (Irie, Miyayama, Kudo. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. , 2000). 11

Research Methods Assumptions in the research design Brief introduction to bibliometrics Bill Robinson Coding data Univ. of Tennessee Data collection Luis: A Few notable terms defined …Researchers often do best when Hypothesis construction they frame the course The impact of research on practice around their own research The importance of research experience and challenges. Interviews and interviewing Students benefit from discussing Introductory comments things that worked or did not for Literature review you. Measurement: numbers and real numbers Please take care, Bill Operational definitions http: //web. utk. edu/~wrobinso/540. html Problem selection Problem statement Questionnaires Research and science Research problems -- getting started and keeping on track The research proposal The research paper title Sampling Writing the research report

A common pitfall associated with thesis and dissertation research is to select a genuinely important topic, but one that is so large or amorphous that it would require a life's work to make sense of it. With both thesis (MC) and the dissertation (Dr), the main point is to develop one's research skills and experience and the second point is to create a publishable paper. Smaller, bit-size research is much more likely to be successful. Build on success with your next research project. Stimulus or motivation is absolutely essential. Research is not likely to be truly successful unless you really care about the topic. Ideally, you would both care about the topic and have some experience or knowledge of it. Motivation can be intrinsic or internal or it can be extrinsic or external. External motivation might be strong encouragement from a colleague or an employer. Still, unless you can create some personal enthusiasm for the topic, I would avoid it. Build on strength by selecting a topic of your own or one that you can make your own. Original, cierto, hecho por ustedes

Both the literature and experienced researchers argue strongly for maintaining a research notebook or idea file where you can conveniently jot down research ideas and notions as they appear to you. This often happens when reading research articles so keep your notebook handy. It may be comforting to know that most researchers have a problem because there are too many interesting topics that they would like to investigate. Here the problem is in selecting the most appropriate problem for the next research project. Continued focus is an important consideration. The way to develop a national reputation is to select a topical area and continue to do research in that area so that you develop a reputation for being an expert in that area. Conducting research on interesting, but unrelated problems can be personally satisfying, but is harmful for career development.

Course work often suggests topics. You may discover gaps in the research literature as you complete various reading assignments. You may ask the teacher questions and be told that she doesn't know the answer but "that would be a good research topic. " Conducting literature searches for your own papers may identify gaps in the literature. Periodical articles and monographs often include a section on suggestions for further research as well as providing many opportunities for replication. Replication has many advantages for the beginning researcher since you can apply a proven research design [it was good enough to be published!] and then compares your results with those of the earlier study. Replicating an early study in a different time or place can be straightforward while allowing for a much more powerful generalization. You may not earn as much credit for replication research and you may be limited in research design decisions because the important decisions have already been made [however, partial replication is certainly OK}.

Selection Criteria (not ranked) • Your genuine enthusiasm for the problem • The degree to which research on this problem benefits the profession and society • The degree to which research on this problem will assist your professional goals and career objectives • The degree to which this research will interest superiors and other leaders in the field • The degree to which the research builds on your experience and knowledge • Ease of access to the population to be studied and the likelihood that they will be cooperative [if human] • Affordability • Likelihood of publication • Relationship to theories or accepted generalizations in the field • Degree to which ethical problems are involved [usually privacy issues] • Degree to which research is unique or fills a notable gap in the literature • Degree to which the research builds on and extends existing knowledge

RESUMEN - Inevitably, selecting a problem is somewhat arbitrary, idiosyncratic, and personal. Avoid selecting the first problem that you encounter. - Try to select the most interesting and personally satisfying choice from among two or three possibilities. The problem selection should matter to you. You should be eager and enthusiastic. - A good topic should be small enough for a conclusive investigation and large enough to yield interesting results [generalizable]. – - Remember that research must yield a publication for it to have meaning. You may wish to query likely periodical editors to see if they might be interested in an article on your research topic. - In some cases, as with a thesis or a dissertation, some sort of preliminary study may be needed to see if the problem and the study are feasible and to identify snags. Such a pilot study can be quite valuable.

Majestad, sin apoyo económico no puede haber avance científico-tecnológico Consideraciones finales, de mi experiencia personal: Cristóbal Colón ante la Reina Isabel de Castilla (~ 1490) - Compromiso entre mi vocación, la utilidad social y lo “rentable” del tema. - “Química” personal con el asesor