Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules SBVR
“Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules” (SBVR) www. omg. org/spec/SBVR/1. 3/ and the Features it Adds to ISO 704 & 1087 -1 ISO TC 37 Plenary – “SBVR v 1. 4 to become an ISO TC 37 Standard in SC 1” Meeting Thursday Afternoon, June 25, 2015 Donald Chapin Co-chair OMG Business Modeling & Integration Domain Task Force OMG Liaison to ISO TC 37 and its Subcommittees Co-chair OMG SBVR Revision Task Force Member, Terminology Subcommittee, British Standards Institute Business Semantics Ltd. London, UK Donald. Chapin@Business. Semantics. com www. Business. Semantics. com These slides are best viewed in “slide show” mode
Agenda 1. The Key Challenge Addressed by SBVR 2. SBVR Foundation: Semantic/Semiotic Triangle 3. Features SBVR Adds to ISO 704 & 1087 -1 1. Context for sharing meanings and designations 2. Unambiguous understanding of definitions 3. Support for repeating patterns in sentence clauses 4. Unambiguous understanding of sentences, especially policy and rule sentences 4. The Power of HTML 5 to Bring the Author’s Exact Meaning to Readers © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 2
The Key Challenge Addressed by SBVR • Ambiguity in business communication, introduces avoidable business risks. – Especially true in business governance documents, • Sometimes these business risks are very costly, even catastrophic, to the organization involved. • The key challenge is to remove ambiguity in governance documents – – without business authors having to learn new grammar rules. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 3
SBVR: Business Audience – Not IT Audience • SBVR Terminological Dictionaries and Rulebooks – Document the meaning of terms and sentences that business authors intend when they use them in their business communications, • as evidenced in their written documentation, such as: – contracts, – product/service specifications, and – governance and regulatory compliance documents. – Are designed to be used for business purposes, • without any reference to information systems. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 4
What SBVR Is 80% of SBVR Specification and SBVR Content • “Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules” (SBVR) • Effectively two specifications in one i. e. a semantic model for: – terminological dictionary (formal terminology, SBVR vocabulary) as a cohesive set of interconnected concepts, not just a list of terms and definitions with a formal logic interpretation, and – behavioural guidance (policy, rules, etc. ) that govern the actions of subject of the terminological ontology (formal terminology). • Designed to enable natural language sentences to be written so: – they can be read unambiguously by business people, and – interpreted unambiguously in formal logic by computers. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 5
How SBVR Relates to Existing Language Resources Business Terminology + Rules = Business Glossary: – Noun Concepts, Definitions & Primary Terms + Taxonomy: – General/Specific + Whole/Part Hierarchical Relationships + Thesaurus: – Synonyms, Acronyms, Abbreviations, etc. + Multilingual – Instances of Concepts e. g. Business Events & Business Entities – Verb concepts • Relations among Concepts + Semantically Rich Vocabulary (terminological ontology): – Relations among Instances of Concepts – Definitional Rules – Definitions, Relationships & Rules specified in formal logic + Behavioural Business Rules: – Rules Governing Business Actions © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 6
SBVR is Built on Foundation of ISO Terminology • Adopts ISO Terminology standards (ISO 704/1087) concepts and builds on them as its foundation • Adds many semantic features for much richer semantics • Adds an ISO Common Logic formal interpretation to the semantically enriched ISO Terminology standards • Adds Semantic Formulations to connect to natural language grammar structures for – formal interpretation of natural language definitions and rule statements © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 7
SBVR Foundation: The Semantic / Semiotic Triangle SBVR v 1. 3 Clause 8 © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents
1087 -1: concept -- generalized to meaning 1087 -1: designation generalized to representation 1087 -1: corresponds to (as in definitions of general concept and individual concept) (which is the objectification of represents) 1087 -1: sign 1087 -1: object (as in definition of designation) (as defined) 1087 -1: not defined (used as in linguistics to mean “refer to” © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 9
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What SBVR Adds to ISO 704 & 1087 -1 • SBVR Is a Terminological Dictionary – Plus … – Context for sharing meanings and designations SBVR v 1. 3 Clause 9 – Unambiguous understanding of definitions – Support for repeating patterns in sentence clauses – Unambiguous understanding of sentences, especially policy and rule sentences © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 20
SBVR is NOT about Information Shared by a semantic community Become a Body of Shared Meanings via Definitions & Examples body of meaning SBVR IS about concepts in people’s minds Meanings Unexpressed: – Concepts • • – – • • Noun Concepts Verb Concepts Propositions Questions © Business Semantics / Model Systems – – Noun Concepts Verb Concepts Propositions Questions Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 21
2. 2 Terminological Dictionaries are for People; Data Models are for IT Systems • Terminological dictionaries document the meanings intended by business authors for words and phrases they use in their business documents. – Terminological dictionaries are created and used by business people to communicate clearly. – For example, ISO 1087 -1_2000 Terminology work - Vocabulary - Part 1: Theory and application defines the meaning of the terms used in ISO 704: 2009 Terminology work – Principles and methods. • Data Models, and their data definitions, document the data structures processed in IT systems. – These models are created and used by IT professionals for design of IT systems. – For example, ISO 30042 Systems to manage terminology, knowledge, and content – Term. Base e. Xchange (TBX) is a data model that documents XML data structures for exchanging terminological database content. • Terminological dictionaries and data models are both important but serve very different audiences and purposes. – Neither is an adequate substitute for the other. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 22
SBVR is based on Communities Semantic community Speech community Shares Body of shared meanings Noun concepts, verb concepts, business rules Speech community Represents Speech community Shares Speech community Business vocabulary Speech community Terms, names, verbs, keywords Speech community e. g. community speaking the same natural language Speech community e. g. specialists such as lawyers, accountants, engineers © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 23
Communication: Meaning vs. Representation Become a Body of Shared Meanings via Definitions & Examples representation body of meaning E X P R E S S I O N Shared by a semantic community interpretation Expressions of Representations Meanings Unexpressed: – Concepts • • – – Noun Concepts Verb Concepts Propositions Questions © Business Semantics / Model Systems In a language: – Terms – Names – Identifiers – Verb Concept Wordings – Definitions – Statements – Text – Non-verbal Designations body of meaning Shared by speech communities Meanings Unexpressed: – Concepts • • – – Noun Concepts Verb Concepts Propositions Questions Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 24
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2. 1 Different Terminological Dictionaries for Different Audiences (Speech Communities) • An organization typically has three speech communities that use the same natural language, each with a distinct terminological dictionary: – Employees: jargon, abbreviations, transaction codes, form numbers, etc. But much of the vocabulary would be in understandable business language. • Would usually be the most comprehensive vocabulary, providing default terms for the others. – Legal: for contracts, product and service specifications, compliance reporting, etc. • Would be formal, include standard legal and industry terminology, and be strictly policed. – Public: for advertisements, public-facing web sites, scripts for helpdesks, etc. • Would be everyday language - and probably also be strictly policed. • There would probably also be smaller, specialized speech communities, such as accountancy and finance. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 26
Terms and Speech Community Terminological Dictionaries • A speech community may not require all the concepts shared by its semantic community to be in its terminological dictionary. • Each concept must have a preferred designation and may have additional designations that are synonyms in each terminological dictionary. • A synonym for a given concept in one terminological dictionary may be a preferred term for that concept in another terminological dictionary. • A synonym might not be a preferred term in any terminological dictionary – but may be a synonym in more than one terminological dictionary. • The same terms may be used across all the speech communities’ terminological dictionaries for some – perhaps many – concepts. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 27
Meanings and Representations Shared by a semantic community Shared Meanings Shared Guidance Business Rules Permissions and Possibilities Shared Concepts Verb Concepts Noun Concepts Shared by a semantic community © Business Semantics / Model Systems Shared by a speech community of the semantic community Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 28
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also question The expression of a statement is a natural language sentence. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 30
Meanings and Representations Shared by a semantic community Shared Meanings Shared Guidance Shared by speech Signifiers, definitions and communities supporting details Representations Business Rule Statements Permissions and Possibilities Other Guidance Statements Shared Concepts Verb Concept Wordings Noun Concepts Definitions Terms & Appellations Shared by a semantic community © Business Semantics / Model Systems Shared by a speech community of the semantic community Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 31
SBVR Terminology Dictionary: Structured English Example car movement Definition planned movement of some rental car movement specifies car group car movement is from sending branch There is no normative or mandatory SBVR notation car movement is to receiving branch car movement is contracted Definition: The car movement is a contract with some renter car transfer Definition: car movement that is not contracted Description A transfer is a logistical movement of a car by a EU-Rent driver rental Definition: car movement that is contracted Noun Concept Entry optional extra Definition: Item that may be added to a rental at extra charge if the renter so chooses Example: One-way rental, fuel pre-payment, additional insurances, fittings (child seats, satellite navigation system, ski rack) Source: CRISG [‘optional extra’] Rental includes optional extra scheduled pick-up date/time Concept Type: Definition: rental requests car model Synonymous Form: Necessity: © Business Semantics / Model Systems role date/time when the rented car of a rental is scheduled to be collected from EU-Rent Verb Concept Entry car model is requested for rental Each rental requests at most one car model. Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 32
2. 3 Importance of Context • Homonyms are a fact of life in organizations, especially in legal documents and regulations. • A homonym is the same word or phrase designating different concepts in different contexts within the same speech community terminological dictionary. • Sometimes the term for a more general concept is the term for one or more subcategory concepts in a particular context, especially within a series of forms, screens or reports. This is a special case of homonym. • At the heart of terminology science is the principle that there is a oneto-one relation, in a given context, between a given word or phrase and the concept that it designates. • Homonyms need a disambiguation context © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 33
SBVR Contexts for Homonyms • TBX + SBVR provides these disambiguation contexts for the 1: 1 relation between part of speech words/phrases and the concepts they designate: speech community (default highest level) subject field (discipline, profession, industry) designation context (context concept) Definition: Example: concept that characterizes the domain of usage within which the expression of a representation has a unique meaning for a given speech community customer (Car Rentals): rents cars customer (Vehicle Sales): buys a car at the end of its rental life subject concept (concept having a property attributed to its instances) part of speech (kind of concept) designation valid for period © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 34
How Context can be Specified • In terminological dictionaries, the context within which the preferred term and each of its synonyms have exactly one meaning is explicitly stated in the terminological entry. • When authoring business documents, there a number of techniques to make the context explicit, thus minimizing the likelihood of linguistic analysis engines getting it wrong: – Including the intended audience (speech community), the subject field(s), and document applicability dates as document properties – Including a subject field and/or context concept as metadata in the document’s outline headings – Noting the subject field and/or context concept in a (xxxx, yyyy) notation after the word or phrase. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 35
DEMO 1: Multilingual Communities and Context https: //www. Designs. For. Management. com/Default. aspx © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents
What SBVR Adds to ISO 704 & 1087 -1 • SBVR Is a Terminological Dictionary – Plus … – Context for sharing meanings and designations – Unambiguous understanding of definitions SBVR v 1. 3 Clause 10 & 11 – Support for repeating patterns in sentence clauses – Unambiguous understanding of sentences, especially policy and rule sentences © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 37
4. 2 Importance of Defining Adjectives / Adjectival Phrases • Characteristics play a very important role in both ISO TC 37 and SBVR in removing ambiguity. characteristic (as adopted by SBVR from ISO 1087 -1 & 704) abstraction of a property of an object [thing] or of a set of objects • Characteristics serves as qualifiers: – (concept whose designation is a) “word group that limits or modifies the meaning of another (concept designated by a) word (as a noun) or word group (as a noun phrase)” [qualifier – Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary b. ]; e. g. : • • • “being red” “having length” “made of wood” “is female” “maintains cars” – Characteristics are the meaning of adjectives; i. e. adjective concepts – Characteristics narrow the meaning of more general (superordinate) concepts – Designations of characteristics play the same role in grammar as adjectives • Characteristics are also powerful as they define conditions which can be used in governance documentation. – The adjectives and adjectival phrases can serve as condition names for the (usually) longer definitions of the characteristic. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 38
Multiple characteristics Characteristics accepts rental bookings stores cars maintains cars Intensional definitions Delimiting characteristic More general concept branch Definition: rental organization unit that accepts rental bookings and stores cars and does not maintain cars phone booking centre Definition: rental organization unit that accepts rental bookings and does not store cars and does not maintain cars service depot Definition: © Business Semantics / Model Systems rental organization unit that does not accept rental bookings and stores cars and maintains cars Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 39
Simple example: Noun Concepts contract General Concept: implicitly-understood concept credit card General Concept: implicitly-understood concept person General Concept: implicitly-understood concept The concept is defined by “everyday natural language meaning of the term” Declared like this if you want to use it formally in definitions. (Methodologyspecific, based on ‘designation is implicitly understood’) car movement Definition: planned movement of some rental car of a specified car group from a sending branch to a receiving branch rental Definition: car movement that is a contract with some renter Definition: person who is responsible for some rental © Business Semantics / Model Systems with designation of Characteristic with definition of Characteristic Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 40
essential characteristic = necessary and sufficient characteristic Pavel Tutorial: 2. 4. 2. Concepts and Semantic Features ((DUBUC/KENNEDY 1997: 39)) ISO 1087 essential characteristic: characteristic which is indispensable to understanding a concept ISO 1087 concept: unit of knowledge created by a unique combination of characteristics (3. 2. 4) ISO 1087 intension: set of characteristics (3. 2. 4) which makes up the concept (3. 2. 1) © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 41
Fully Explicit Definition of a Concept • Provided by a Set of Essential Characteristics for a concept is: – the set of necessary and sufficient characteristics that determines the things that are in the extension of, are instances of, the concept – is the combination of: Semantically equivalent to OWL necessary and sufficient conditions • the delimiting characteristics in the intensional definition of the concept, • all the delimiting characteristics of each of the more general concepts to the top of the inheritance tree, and • • a characteristic for the ‘more general concept’ if it is not ‘thing’ Adopted Concept » Delimiting Characteristic 1 » Delimiting Characteristic 2 – More Specific Concept A » Delimiting Characteristic 3 • More Specific Concept B » Delimiting Characteristic 4 » Delimiting Characteristic 5 » Delimiting Characteristic 6 Set of Essential Characteristics For More Specific Concept A Set of Essential Characteristics For More Specific Concept C – More Specific Concept C » Delimiting Characteristic 7 © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 42
Intension & Semantic Equivalence • Sets of essential characteristics are key to removing ambiguity: – not from the connection between expressions (signs, text) and concepts they designate, – but from the meaning of each concept. • Two concepts are same or different based on whether or not they: – do or do not have semantically equivalent sets of essential characteristics • Concepts don’t change: – Connection between an expression and the concept it designates can change over time (usually gradually) © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 43
(Necessary) Characteristic that Makes Up a Concept == Definitional Business Rule • Characteristic, itself maintains cars • Characteristic incorporated into Concept via Intensional Definition: service depot Definition: rental organization unit that maintains cars • As Necessity: service depot General Concept: Necessity: rental organization unit Each service depot maintains cars • As Definitional Rule: service depot General Concept: rental organization unit It is necessary that each service depot maintains cars © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 44
ISO 1087 general concept: concept (3. 2. 1) which corresponds to two or more objects (3. 1. 1) which form a group by reason of common properties ISO individual concept + correonly one SBVR general noun concept: noun concept that classifies things on the basis of their common properties (allows for the possibility that the concept might not correspond to any thing [object] at the time for which its term is used) only one ever only one at a time ISO 1087 individual concept: concept (3. 2. 1) which corresponds to only one object (3. 1. 1) © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 45
added by SBVR © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 46
added by SBVR expanded by SBVR © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 47
Compositional Structure of Definitions & Rules Business Rules Mantra -- SBVR Version: “Rules are built on Verb Concepts. Noun Concepts play roles in Verb Concepts. Noun Concepts are represented by Terms. ” Define Noun Concepts Using Characteristics Noun Concepts Define Characteristics (Adjective Concepts) … to describe businesses, not the IT systems that serve them … in language understandable by business people © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 48
What SBVR Adds to ISO 704 & 1087 -1 • SBVR Is a Terminological Dictionary – Plus … – Context for sharing meanings and designations – Unambiguous understanding of definitions SBVR v 1. 3 Clauses 11 & 14 – Support for repeating patterns in sentence clauses – Unambiguous understanding of sentences, especially policy and rule sentences © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 49
4. 1 Importance of Defining Verbs / Verb Phrases and Prepositions • An important application of natural language is in – formulating policies, rules and advice to guide the behaviour of organizations and the people in them. • Verbs are the key, but they are often the poor relations in terminology. – Governance documents all too often reveal definitions – almost all of nouns – and rules, with nothing connecting them but • the assumption is that use of the nouns around the verbs in the rules will be commonly understood. • Verbs connect the nouns with the rules. – Verbs are the focal component of sentence clauses – Sentence clauses plus rule words are the components of rule sentences © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 50
Verbs are the Focal Component of Sentence Clauses • Nouns have subject and object roles with respect to verbs and prepositions in sentence clauses • Nouns in these roles denote the real world roles played – in the real world behaviour, represented by the verb, • by the real world things in the extensions of the concepts represented by the nouns • SBVR adds the ability to define the meaning of a skeleton of a sentence clause (SBVR verb concept); – i. e. sentence clauses without at least one of these roles being quantified – • typically subject verb object [preposition object] • The skeletons of sentence clauses are known in SBVR as “verb concept wordings” – In formal logic they are propositions with at least one variable (subject or object) unquantified; i. e. open propositions © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 51
Simple example: Verb Concepts (Meaning of sentence clause without some of its quantifications) credit card is valid Definition: the credit card is current and is accepted by EU-Rent renter Concept Type: Definition: role person who is responsible for some rental renter is responsible for rental Synonymous form: rental is responsibility of renter person holds credit card Definition: the credit card is valid and is in the name of the renter credit card guarantees rental Sometimes the verb concept statement by itself is adequate as a definition © Business Semantics / Model Systems Roles played by things [objects] that are corresponded to by a general (noun) concept Simple inverse forms (e. g. “credit card is held by person”) are implied – no need for explicit synonymous form Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 52
ISO 1087 -1 Concept Relations enriched with Definitions, Concept Roles, & Generic Relations (for formal logic interpretation) • Verb concepts (Meaning of a sentence clause without some of its quantifications) – Unary: rental is open • 1 placeholder, filled by ‘rental’ – Binary: rental car is assigned to rental • two placeholders, filled by ‘rental car’ and ‘rental’ – N-ary: replacement car replaces rented car during rental • three placeholders representing roles, filled by ‘rental car’, ‘rental car’ and ‘rental’ • Can objectify a verb concept and use it as a noun concept: – ‘replacement car replaces rented car during rental’ can be objectified as ‘car exchange’ plus: • car exchange provides replacement car • car exchange replaces rental car • car exchange occurs during rental © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 53
4. 1 Importance of Defining Verbs / Verb Phrases and Prepositions • Another aspect of formalizing use of verbs is managing different meanings of a verb phrase in different contexts. – For example, the rental car company of the example above sells its cars at the end of their useful rental life. ‘Car is handed over to customer’ means: • in a rental context: ‘the car is given to the customer for use for an agreed time and return to an agreed drop-off location’; • in a sales context: ‘ownership of the car is transferred to the customer’. • This could be handled by defining narrower categories of the concepts represented by the nouns: – ‘the rental car is handed over to the rental customer’ and – ‘the sold car is handed over to the purchasing customer’. But the people in the business do not talk or write this way and should not be forced to change their vocabulary. They know what they mean within their context. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 54
Importance of Defining Prepositions • Prepositions also have objects and are also part of skeleton clauses (verb concept wordings). – There a limited number of prepositions (only around 100 in English) but many prepositions have several meanings. – A single vocabulary for prepositions could be adopted into all terminological dictionaries for a given natural language. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 55
Compositional Structure of Definitions & Rules Business Rules Mantra -- SBVR Version: “Rules are built on Verb Concepts. Noun Concepts play roles in Verb Concepts. Noun Concepts are represented by Terms. ” Build Verb Concepts With Noun Concepts Verb Concepts Define Noun Concepts Using Characteristics Noun Concepts Define Characteristics (Adjective Concepts) … to describe businesses, not the IT systems that serve them … in language understandable by business people © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 56
Follows the pattern of noun concepts © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 57
Verb Concept Wordings Represent Verb Concepts period 1 is before period 2 Term Verb Symbol Placeholder Verb Concept Wording • Term designates the general noun concept in the role • Placeholder designates the verb concept role • Verb Symbol designates – the verb concept – the predicate function of the (open) proposition © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 58
Verb Concept Wording: the representation for verb concepts, which has a composite structure replacement car replaces rented car during rental New in SBVR © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 59
SBVR Clause 14: Structures in Concept Systems 14. Structures in Concept Systems 1. Structural Connections between Things 1. Associations Associative Relations 2. Partitive Connections Partitive Relations 2. Structural Connection between Concepts 1. Categorization Generic Relations 2. Classification (special relationship between a General Concept and an Individual Concept) 3. Characterization (categorization schemes for multidimensional generic relations) 4. Verb Concept Objectification (noun form of a verb) 3. Contextualization Added by SBVR 1. Context of Thing (thing [object] on its own separate of a situation or perspective) 2. Situations (role a thing [object] plays in a situation) 3. Facets (view a thing [object] from a perspective) © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 60
Multidimensional Classification (Categorization Schemes) © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 61
Roles and Facets (perspectives) treated Explicitly and Formally • Fundamental: – car (adopted) • Category of some more general concept: – rental car is a category of car, with delimiting characteristics (unary verb concepts): • is owned (by a EU-Rent local area) • is rented (is used for rental by EU-Rent) • Role in verb concept: – rental car has roles rented car and replacement car in ‘rented car is replaced by replacement car during rental’ • Facet (aspect): – customer [Car Rentals]: customer who rents cars – customer [Vehicle Sales]: customer who buys a rental car at the end of its rental life © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 62
Reference Schemes to connect General Concepts with Names of Individual Concepts • Needed for all general concepts whose instances need to be identified by the business • Example: rental car Definition: Reference Scheme: car that is owned by EU-Rent and is used for rentals VIN car model Definition: Note: Reference Scheme: © Business Semantics/Model Systems Type of car supplied by a manufacturer with a standard specification that includes body style, engine size, and fuel type(s). EU-Rent bases its model names on those assigned by the car manufacturers, but sometimes has to extend them to distinguish models, for example with/without air conditioning. manufacturer code, model id The Value SBVR Adds to ISO TC 37 Terminology Standards 63
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DEMO 2: SBVR Features for Terminological Dictionaries © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents
What SBVR Adds to ISO 704 & 1087 -1 • SBVR Is a Terminological Dictionary – Plus … – Context for sharing meanings and designations – Unambiguous understanding of definitions – Support for repeating patterns in sentence clauses – Unambiguous understanding of sentences, especially policy and rule sentences SBVR v 1. 3 Clauses 16 -18 & 21 © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 66
5. Unambiguous Definitions & Sentences • The key overall capability that SBVR adds to ISO 704 and 1087 -1 is the ability to write sentences in business documents and definitions in terminological dictionaries that are unambiguous both: – to business people, and – in formal logic. • SBVR Clause 21 standardizes Semantic Formulations -- a very abstract syntax for specifying the logic structure of the meaning of sentences and definitions that is – semantically equivalent to the natural language sentence or definition. • SBVR Semantic Formulations were designed to be easily mapable to natural language grammar structures. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 67
5. Unambiguous Definitions & Sentences • There a number of cross-language natural language grammar metamodel standards or de-facto standards that could be mapped to the SBVR Semantic Formulation metamodel, such as: – ISO TC 37/SC 4 Linguistic Annotation standards – Penn Tree. Bank and Prop. Bank – NOOJ Text Annotation Structure (TAS) • Software tools that support these natural language metamodels are increasingly being made available as low-cost Cloud Services. • Serializations of these models for data interchange are usually specific to a given linguistic analysis tool, but that is a concern for implementers – not of the standard proposed here. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 68
5. Unambiguous Definitions & Sentences • The SBVR approach to writing unambiguous natural language sentences and definitions includes these components, in addition to SBVR terminological dictionary and rulebook tools: – A standard that specifies a cross-language approach to documenting a subset of natural language grammar. – At least one “Simplified Natural Language” grammar for the natural language(s) to be used in business documents • of the kind, and documented according to the approach, specified in above standard. – An authoring software tool that supports SBVR Semantic Formulations – Adoption and/or creation of terminological dictionaries whose concepts cover the subject content of the documents to be authored. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 69
5. Unambiguous Definitions & Sentences • A standard that specifies a cross-language approach to documenting a subset of natural language grammar should: – Select a cross-language linguistic annotation metamodel, – Identify the subset of its cross-language grammar structures that can mapped to SBVR semantic formulations • in a way that leaves the fewest opportunities for ambiguity. – Provide a mapping of the chosen natural language grammar structures to SBVR semantic formulation constructs. – Add no new syntax rules that would need to be learned by business people. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 70
5. Unambiguous Definitions & Sentences • An authoring software tool that: – Takes text from business documents, preferably as it is being written, – Uses the proposed standard and the semantic/logical layer of linguistic analysis to: • Identify ambiguous grammar situations, • Ask the author for clarification from suggested options, • Record all author decisions and/or computer decisions. • Uses the above proposed standard to generate SBVR semantic formulations from the definitions and sentences. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 71
Compositional Structure of Definitions & Rules Business Rules Mantra -- SBVR Version: Build Business Rules with Verb Concepts & other Sentences Build Verb Concepts With Noun Concepts Verb Concepts Define Noun Concepts Using Characteristics Noun Concepts Define Characteristics Vocabulary “Rules are built on Verb Concepts. Noun Concepts play roles in Verb Concepts. Noun Concepts are represented by Terms. ” Develop Vocabularies to represent them (starting with terms for the noun concepts) (Adjective Concepts) … to describe businesses, not the IT systems that serve them … in language understandable by business people © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 72
Simple example: Business Rule (1) The approach for defining a business rule is: • Start with a Verb Concept, e. g. rental is guaranteed by credit card • Apply an obligation or necessity ‘performative’ to it, e. g. It is obligatory that each rental is guaranteed by credit card. • Add qualifications, quantifications and conditions, as necessary e. g. It is obligatory that each rental is guaranteed by a credit card that is held by the renter who is responsible for the rental. Less formally: Each rental must be guaranteed by a credit card that is held by the renter who is responsible for the rental. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 73
4. 1 Importance of Defining Verbs & Verb Phrases • Structuring verbs into skeletons of clauses (verb concepts) allows software tools to report on coherence and completeness of bodies of guidance – – identifying rules that use undefined verb concepts and verb concept wordings that use undefined nouns. – It also enables checking consistency of use of verb concepts across guidance propositions. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 74
4. 1 Importance of Defining Verbs / Verb Phrases and Prepositions • Verbs are modified - with ‘must’, ‘should’, ‘may’ and their negations – to create rules and advice. – For example, a car rental business’s terminology might include the SBVR verb concept ‘credit card guarantees open rental’ (where an open rental is one for which the customer has possession of the car). • A ‘must’ modifier and quantifications added to a single verb concept would create a behavioral rule: • ‘a credit card must guarantee each open rental’. – This is too general. Which credit card has to guarantee which open rental? Other clauses can qualify the nouns to develop the practicable rule the business needs: • ‘An open rental must be guaranteed by a credit card that is in the name of the customer who is responsible for the rental. ’ © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 75
Simple example: Business Rule (2) • The business rule: It is obligatory that each rental is guaranteed by a credit card that is held by the renter who is responsible for the rental. . is based on: rental is guaranteed by credit card . . . and uses: renter is responsible for rental credit card is held by person … uses: credit card person renter is a role of person © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 76
Modality / Speech Acts • Alethic operators: – “It is necessary that …” – “It is possible that …” (and its negation, “It is impossible that …”) when introduced into verb concepts, are used for Definitional (Structural) Business Rules, They are used in the sense of ‘logically necessary’ and ‘logically possible/impossible’ Structural business rules are, by definition, always true. • Deontic operators: – “It is obligatory that …” – “It is permitted that …” (and its negation, “It is prohibited that …”) when introduced into verb concepts, are used for “Operative” Business Rules, rules that govern activity in the business. Operative business rules can be broken, and require enforcement © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 77
5. 1 SBVR Semantic Formulations: Unambiguous Formal Logic Sentence Equivalents • SBVR Clause 21 provides a vocabulary to describe the formal semantic structures of business discourse. – Not for discussing the organization or its business – For discussing the semantic structures underlying business communications. • A typical business person: – does not talk about quantifications – but expresses quantifications in almost every statement he makes – doesn’t talk about conjuncts, disjuncts, negands, antecedents and consequents - but these are all part of the formulation of his thinking. • Logical formulation of Semantics is about explicitly using these conceptual devices (that people use subconsciously all the time) to capture the semantics of their discourse. This is new – one of the unique features of SBVR © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 78
5. 1 SBVR Semantic Formulations: Unambiguous Formal Logic Sentence Equivalents • SBVR does not provide a logic language for restating business rules in some artificial language that business people don’t use. – Instead, its semantic formulations provide a means for describing the structure of the meaning of sentences as expressed in the natural language that business people do use. • SBVR Semantic formulations are not representations or expressions of meaning. – They represent the logical composition of meaning. – They are used to specify the formal semantic structures underlying business communications that comprise concepts, propositions and questions. • There are two kinds of semantic formulation: – Logical formulations: structure propositions, both simple and complex. – Projections: © Business Semantics / Model Systems structure intensions as sets of things that satisfy constraints; formulate definitions, aggregations, and questions. Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 79
5. 1 SBVR Semantic Formulations: Unambiguous Formal Logic Sentence Equivalents • Semantic formulations are recursive. – Several kinds of semantic formulation embed other semantic formulations. – Logic variables are introduced by quantifications and projections so that embedded formulations can refer to instances of concepts. – Each kind of logical formulation can be embedded in other semantic formulations to any depth and in almost any combination. • Different semantic formulations are possible for the same meaning. – Two semantic formulations can be determined to have the same meaning either by logical analysis or by assertion (as a matter of definition). • Semantic formulations involve the concepts themselves, so identifying the concept ‘rental’ by another designation (such as one from another language) does not change the formulation. • Semantic formulations are structures, identified structurally as finite directed graphs. – The reference schemes for semantic formulations and their parts take into account their entire structure. – In some cases, a transitive closure of a reference scheme shows partial loops (partial in the sense that only a part of a reference scheme loops back, never all of it). © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 80
Example Semantic Structure of a Sentence It is obligatory that each rental is guaranteed by a credit card that is held by the renter who is responsible for the rental. It is obligatory that Is guaranteed by a credit card held by the renter responsible for rental How SBVR models semantics “behind the scenes” © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 81
Semantic Formulation of the Sentence It is prohibited that a barred driver is a driver of a rental. obligation claim It is prohibited that is a driver of a barred driver a rental . embeds a logical formulation that is a logical negation. . has a negand that is an existential quantification. . . introduces a variable. . has the type barred driver. . . scopes over an existential quantification. . introduces a variable. . . has the type rental. . scopes over an atomic formulation. . . is based on the verb concept: 'rental has driver'. . . has a role binding. . . is of the verb concept role that is 'rental' of 'rental has driver'. . . binds to the variable that has the type rental. . . has a role binding. . . is of a verb concept role that is 'driver' of 'rental has driver'. . . binds to the variable that has the type barred driver © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 82
5. 1 SBVR Semantic Formulations: Unambiguous Formal Logic Sentence Equivalents • The main categories of semantic structure of SBVR Semantic Formulations are: – Variables and Bindings – Quantifications – Logical Operations – Atomic Formulations – Instantiation Formulations – Model Formulations – Projecting Formulations – Objectifications – Nominalizations of Propositions and Questions – Projections (see Appendix for additional examples of Semantic Formulations) © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 83
SBVR Semantic Formulations are Loosely Coupled with the Rest of the SBVR Specification • Foundation connections from Terminological Dictionary: – Builds on Verb Concept and its Verb Concept Roles • atomic formulation is based on verb concept • verb concept role has role binding – Uses Noun Concept to define Variables • variable ranges over concept • variable maps to verb concept role • variable, expression or individual concept (definition of bindable target) • instantiation formulation considers concept (Definition) the instantiation formulation classifies things to be an instance of the concept © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 84
SBVR Semantic Formulations are Loosely Coupled with the Rest of the SBVR Specification • Defining connections supporting Dictionary & Rulebook: – Defines Meanings • closed semantic formulation formulates meaning • closed projection defines noun concept • noun concept nominalization defines noun concept • closed projection defines verb concept • verb concept nominalization defines verb concept • closed logical formulation means proposition • proposition nominalization formulates proposition • answer nominalization defines proposition • closed projection means question • question nominalization means question – Formalizes Definitions and Statements (Representations) • closed projection formalizes definition • closed logical formulation formalizes statement (sentence) © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 85
5. 2 Mapping to SBVR Semantic Formulations to remove Remaining Ambiguity • The ISO TC 37 Linguistic Annotation standards fall into these four main categories of annotation: – Morpho-syntactic annotation – Linguistic annotation – Syntactic annotation – Semantic (logical) annotation • Other linguistic annotation standards and de-facto standards approximate these same categories. • Table 1 provides some examples of mappings from Linguistic Annotation structures to SBVR semantic formulation structures: © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 86
Table 1. Natural Language Annotation Feature Mapped to SBVR Metamodel Construct common noun part of speech signifier of a general concept common noun in object/subject semantic role placeholder in verb concept wording representing the general noun concept playing a verb concept role in the verb concept represented by the verb concept wording proper noun part of speech signifier of an individual noun concept proper noun in object/subject semantic role quantifier for the general noun concept playing a verb concept role in the verb concept being used in a sentence clause verb or verb phrase (part of speech) verb phrase in relation to object/subject semantic roles (ISO TBX term of part. Of. Speech: verb) preposition in relation to object/subject semantic roles (part of) verb symbol that is part of verb concept wording that represents a verb concept “each’, “at least one”, “a given” “some” “a”, “an” universal quantification “at least …n…” “must” “always” “that” at-least-n quantification obligation formulation necessity formulation 1. when preceding a designation for a noun concept, this is a binding to a variable (as with ‘the’). 2. when after a designation for a noun concept and before a designation for a verb concept, this is used to introduce a restriction on things denoted by the previous designation based on facts about them. 3. when followed by a propositional statement, this is used to introduce a nominalization of the proposition or an objectification, depending on whether the expected result is a proposition or a state of affairs. © Business Semantics / Model Systems (part of) verb symbol that is part of verb concept wording that represents a verb concept existential quantification universal quantification or existential quantification depending on use Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 87
Figure 2. illustrates how the meaning of a rule can be structured into an SBVR semantic formulation using two stages of linguistic analysis: - Word-form annotation, and - Sentence-syntax annotation. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 88
Related Research • Lévy and Nazarenko describe a software-supported approach for building sets of business rules from regulatory documents, developed by the Laboratoire d’Informatique de Paris-Nord (LIPN). • This approach uses a three-step process, in which SBVR Structured English stands in an intermediate position between – the natural language of the regulatory documents and – the formal language of the rules. • This development originated in Onto. Rule, a large-scale integrating project partially funded by the European Union's 7 th Framework Programme. – LIPN and Audi AG were two of the partners, and developed the first version of the approach using the EU regulations for car safety systems (brakes, seat belts, air bags). – Audi required the business rules as part of its compliance with the regulations. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 89
5. 3 The Power of HTML 5 to Bring the Author’s Exact Meaning to Readers https: //www. Designs. For. Management. com/Default. aspx © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents
5. 3 The Power of HTML 5 to Bring the Author’s Exact Meaning to Readers • HTML 5 semantic mark-up of part of speech words/phrases, in conjunction with the Unicode character set, can support the following multilingual software features: – An HTML 5 (<span> … </span>) based mark-up for text styles for common nouns, proper nouns, adjectives, verbs, prepositions, and sentence logic keywords. • This mark-up can include the definition, the meaning identifier, and all of the contexts required for a unique connection between the word/phrase and the meaning. – A corresponding MS Word style sheet. – An Auto. Complete feature that can insert the semantic mark-up behind the word/phrase in the document from the terminological dictionary. – Mouse-over tooltips in a document that show the concept definition for terms/names or the statement for rule names, along with the context in which the term/name is uniquely connected to the concept or rule. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 91
5. 3 The Power of HTML 5 to Bring the Author’s Exact Meaning to Readers • (continued) – Ability to choose which natural language the definitions are displayed in. – On-the-fly replacement, on simple refresh, in any screen, report or document of all uses of all semantically marked-up term or name with the current preferred term/name in the language of the current Speech Community: • when the preferred term/name for a concept/rule is changed. • when the Current Speech Community is changed, whether of the same or a different natural language. – Optional display of visual font styling for words/phrases that have semantic mark-up. – Validation of each definition or rule statement with semantic mark-up and its SBVR Semantic Formulation against each other. © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 92
DEMO 3: SBVR Features Supported by HTML 5 https: //www. Designs. For. Management. com/Default. aspx © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents
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Appendix
Simple Quantification It is necessary that each rental car has exactly one vehicle identification number. Necessity Claim Universal Quantification Exactly-One Quantification Variable (rental car) Variable (vehicle identification number) * Logic Variable, not program variable © Business Semantics / Model Systems Atomic Formulation (rental car has vehicle identification number) Binding Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 96
Implication If the drop-off location of a rental is not the return branch of the rental then it is obligatory that the rental incurs a location penalty charge. Obligation Claim Universal Quantification Implication Universal Quantification Conjunction Atomic Formulation Logical Negation (rental has drop-off location) Variable (rental) Variable (location) © Business Semantics / Model Systems Atomic Formulation (rental has return branch) Existential Quantification Atomic Formulation (rental incurs location penalty charge) Variable (location penalty charge) Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 97
Aggregation Obligation Claim Variable (local area) Universal Quantification Conjunction Variable (duration) Variable (multiset) Variable (duration) Auxiliary Variable (rental car) © Business Semantics / Model Systems It is obligatory that the average of ages of rental cars owned by each local area is less than 5 years. Conjunction Atomic Formulation (multiset has average) Existential Quantification Conjunction Variable Aggregation Formulation (number of years) Atomic Formulation Projection (duration is less than duration) Conjunction Atomic Formulation (number of years involves number) Atomic Formulation (local area owns rental car) (rental car has age) Individual Concept (5) Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 98
Proposition Nominalization It is obligatory that each new customer is told by an agent that the New Customer Discount is available to the customer. Obligation Claim Universal Quantification Existential Quantification Conjunction Atomic Formulation (person tells person proposition) Variable (new customer) Variable (proposition) Variable (agent) © Business Semantics / Model Systems Proposition Nominalization Atomic Formulation (special offer is available to customer) Individual Concept (New Customer Discount) Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 99
Answer Nominalization It is obligatory that each new customer is told by an agent what special offer is available to the customer. Obligation Claim Universal Quantification Existential Quantification Conjunction Atomic Formulation (person tells person proposition) Answer Nominalization Variable (new customer) Variable (fact) Variable (special offer) Projection Atomic Formulation (special offer is available to customer) Variable (agent) © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 100
Objectification It is obligatory that each rental car is tested before the car is purchased. Obligation Claim Universal Quantification Existential Quantification Implication Existential Quantification Variable (rental car) Variable (actuality) Conjunction Objectification Atomic Formulation (vehicle is purchased) Atomic Formulation (vehicle is tested) Atomic Formulation (actuality occurs before actuality) Variable (actuality) © Business Semantics / Model Systems Using Natural Language Grammar & SBVR to Author Unambiguous Business Governance Documents 101
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