Semantic Web WS 201617 Social Semantic Web Anna

Where are we? # Title 1 Introduction 2 Semantic Web Architecture 3 Resource Description Framework (RDF) 4 Web of data 5 Generating Semantic Annotations 6 Storage and Querying 7 Web Ontology Language (OWL) 8 Rule Interchange Format (RIF) 9 Reasoning on the Web 10 Ontologies 11 Social Semantic Web 12 Semantic Web Services 13 Tools 14 Applications www. sti-innsbruck. at 2

Agenda 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Motivation From Web to Web 2. 0: Technical solution and illustrations Social Semantic Web : Technical solution and illustrations Summary References www. sti-innsbruck. at 3 3

MOTIVATION www. sti-innsbruck. at 4 4

Motivation www. sti-innsbruck. at 55

Motivation (cont‘d) • Information Sharing: – – – • Image sharing: Flickr Video sharing: You. Tube Online encyclopedia: Wikipedia Blogs: eblogger Open Source Community: Linux • File Management – Tagging: Delicious • www. sti-innsbruck. at Social Websites and Communication: Facebook Last. FM Skype Studi. VZ Linked. In, Xing Open Systems: APIs, partly open source allow extensions by users 6 6

Social Network Facebook • Facebook is a social networking service and website; • Launched in February 2004 • It is owned and operated by Facebook, Inc. • 1. 49 billion monthly active users as of June 30, 2015 * • 1. 31 billion mobile monthly active users as of June 30, 2015 * • Users must register before using the services. • Users can create a personal profile, add friends, exchange messages, chat (the company has also launched a separate instant messaging service), receive automatic notifications, take part in games, etc. * http: //newsroom. fb. com/company-info/ www. sti-innsbruck. at 7 7

Wikipedia Motivation (cont‘d) Free Online Encyclopedia • 3, 197, 507 Articles (english Wikipedia) • 11, 693, 499 registered contributors • Clever mechanisms combined with human intelligence • High quality articles • Self-organized control • Semi-openess http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wikipedia: Statis tics, 17. 2. 2010 www. sti-innsbruck. at 8 8

FROM WEB TO WEB 2. 0: TECHNICAL SOLUTION AND ILLUSTRATIONS www. sti-innsbruck. at 9 9

Web 1. 0 to Web 2. 0 • Evolution • Definition • Applications and success stories • Statistics to Web 2. 0 www. sti-innsbruck. at 10 10

Web 2. 0 “Web 2. 0 is a notion for a row of and interactive collaborative systems of the internet“ http: //widgets-gadgets. com/2006_10_01_archive. html www. sti-innsbruck. at 11 11

What is the web 2. 0? „Definition“ by O‘Reilly Web 1. 0 Web 2. 0 improvement Double. Click Ofoto Britannica Online content Webseiten publishing CMS directories taxonomy Google Ad. Sense Flickr Wikipedia personalized tagging, community, free blogging participation wikis tagging folksonomy dialogue flexibility, freedom community Consumers Prosumers www. sti-innsbruck. at 12 12

What is the Web 2. 0? - Examples • • Gmail Google Documents (Collaborative Notepad in the Web) Wikis Wikipedia – Worlds biggest encyclopedia, Top 30 web site, 100 langueges • • Del. icio. us (Social Tagging for Bookmarks) Flickr (Photo Sharing and Tagging) Blogs, RSS, Blogger. com Programmableweb. com (APIs) www. sti-innsbruck. at 13 13

Blogs • Easy usable user interfaces to update contents • Easy organization of contents • Easy usage of contents • Easy publishing of comments • Social: collaborative (single users but strongly connected) www. sti-innsbruck. at 14 14

Wikis • Wiki invented by Ward Cunningham • Collection of HTML sites: read and edit • Most famous and biggest Wiki: Wikipedia (Media. Wiki) – But: Also often used in Intranets (i. e. our group) • • • Problems solved socially instead of technically Flexible structure Background algorithms + human intelligence No new technologies social: collaborative (nobody owns contents) www. sti-innsbruck. at 15 15

Wikis: Design Principles • Open Should a page be found to be incomplete or poorly organized, any reader can edit it as they see fit. • Incremental Pages can cite other pages, including pages that have not been written yet. • Organic The structure and text content of the site are open to editing and evolution. • Mundane A small number of (irregular) text conventions will provide access to the most useful page markup. • Universal The mechanisms of editing and organizing are the same as those of writing so that any writer is automatically an editor and organizer. • Overt The formatted (and printed) output will suggest the input required to reproduce it. Source: http: //c 2. com/cgi/wiki? Wiki. Design. Principles www. sti-innsbruck. at 16 16

Tagging • Idea: Enrich contents by user chosen keywords • Replace folder based structure by a organisation using tags • New: Simple user interfaces for tagging and tag based search • First steps to Semantic Web? • Technically: user interfaces • Social: collaborative (own contents, shared tags) www. sti-innsbruck. at 17 17

Tagging: Flickr. com www. sti-innsbruck. at 18 18

Collaborative Tagging www. sti-innsbruck. at 19 19

Collaborative Tagging: Delicious • • • Browser plug-ins available from http: //del. icio. us Allows the tagging of bookmarks Community aspect: – Suggestion of tags that were used by other users – Availability of tag clouds for bookmarks of the whole community – Possibility to browse related bookmarks based on tags www. sti-innsbruck. at 20 20

Folksonomies Data created by tagging, knowledge structures User Tag Resource Tag User Resource Tag Resource Mary tags www. wikipedia. org with wikipedia encyclopedia Bob tags www. wikipedia. org with wiki web 2. 0 encyclopedia knowledge www. sti-innsbruck. at 21 21

Folksonomies: Taxonomie Marlow et al. (2006) • Rights for Tagging – Self-tagging: Contents only tagged by owner (Technorati) – Free-for-all tagging: Tagging by all users (Yahoo!) • Support of Tagging – Blind Tagging: Existing Tags are not displayed (Flickr) – Viewable Tagging: Existing Tags are displayed (Del. icio. us) – Suggestive Tagging: Suggestions for Tags (My. Web 2. 0) • Aggregation of Tags – Bag-model: Multiple entries (Del. icio. us) – Set-model: Only single entries (You. Tube) www. sti-innsbruck. at 22 22

Tag Clouds Size of Tags: count of usage Browsing replaces Searching Different meaning for different users Orientation in Information Set www. sti-innsbruck. at 23 23

What is the Web 2. 0? Trends for Web Applications • Technical Evolution – Web User Interfaces become faster (AJAX) – Desktop shifts to Web (GMail, Google Notebooks, AJAX) • Social Evolution – – Collective creates additional value (Wiki, Tagging) Free contents become popular (Licenses) Attention is getting monetarized (Text-Ads) Websites with additional value by recombination (Mash-Ups, RSS) www. sti-innsbruck. at 24 24

Web 2. 0 People, Services, Technologies www. sti-innsbruck. at 25

Web 2. 0 • Web 2. 0 is a vaguely defined phrase referring to various topics such as social networking sites, wikis, communication tools, and folksonomies. • Tim O'Reilly provided a definition of Web 2. 0 in 2006: "Web 2. 0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform. Chief among those rules is this: Build applications that harness network effects to get better the more people use them. " • Tim BL is right that all these ideas are already underlying his original web ideas, however, … www. sti-innsbruck. at 26

Web 2. 0 The four major breakthroughs of Web 2. 0 are: 1. Blurring the distinction between content consumers and content providers. 2. Moving from media for individuals towards media for communities. 3. Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers. 4. Integrating human and machine computing in a new way. www. sti-innsbruck. at 27

Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers Interactive Web applications through asynchronous Java. Script and XML (AJAX) www. sti-innsbruck. at 28

Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers Interactive Web applications through asynchronous Java. Script and XML (AJAX) www. sti-innsbruck. at 29

Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers: Weblogs or Blogs, Wikis www. sti-innsbruck. at 30

Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers: Flickr, You. Tube www. sti-innsbruck. at 31

Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers Tagging – del. icio. us, shazam. com www. sti-innsbruck. at 32

Blurring the distinction between content consumers and providers RDFA, micro formats www. sti-innsbruck. at 33

Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities Folksomonies, FOAF www. sti-innsbruck. at 34

Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities Community pages (friend-of-a-friend, flickr, Linked. In, myspace, …) www. sti-innsbruck. at 35

Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities Second Life www. sti-innsbruck. at 36

Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities Wikipedia www. sti-innsbruck. at 37

Moving from a media for individuals towards a media for communities Wikipedia www. sti-innsbruck. at 38

Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers RSS feeds www. sti-innsbruck. at 39

Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers Yahoo pipes allow people to connect internet data sources, process them, and redirect the output. www. sti-innsbruck. at 40

Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers Widgets, gadgets, and mashups. www. sti-innsbruck. at 41

Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers Hands On: Twitter API Developer page: https: //dev. twitter. com/ API start page: https: //dev. twitter. com/overview/api www. sti-innsbruck. at 42 42

Blurring the distinction between service consumers and service providers Hands On: Twitter API Twitter widgets: direct homepage integration of twitter content 1. 2. 3. 4. Login to own twitter account https: //twitter. com/settings/widgets „Create New Widget“. www. sti-innsbruck. at 43 43

Integrating human and machine computing in a new way Amazon mechanical turk, Fiverr, …etc. www. sti-innsbruck. at 44

Integrating human and machine computing in a new way Human computing (captchas) www. sti-innsbruck. at 45

Integrating human and machine computing in a new way - Hands On: Facebook API Developer page: https: //developers. facebook. com Products: • Ad framework (Websites, Apps) • Analytics • App support • Facebook Login • Messaging • Marketing • Social Plugins Like, share, send, comment directly from own website Embedd Posts and videos in own website more www. sti-innsbruck. at 46 46

Social Media Monitoring www. sti-innsbruck. at 47 47

SOCIAL SEMANTIC WEB: TECHNICAL SOLUTION AND ILLUSTRATIONS www. sti-innsbruck. at 48 48

Semantic Web + Web 2. 0 = Web 3. 0? Web 2. 0 Tagging Annotation with Tags Singular/Plural Problem Synonyms No Intelligence Recombination of • Mash-Ups developed earlier by programmer data from different sources Web 3. 0 Annotation with concepts Inference (Tag „Dog“ --> Tag „Pet“) • Spontaneous by End User Search • Keyword Search or Tag Search finds documents • Structured Search combines Data und creates documents Period • 2004 - 2007 • 2007 – 2010 Based on Völkl, Vrandecic and colleagues. www. sti-innsbruck. at 49 49

Web 3. 0 Approaches • • Automatic Extraction of knowledge based on large (and free) sets of data, generated by Web 2. 0 Integration and Reuse of knowledge (Yahoo Pipes) Motivate users for generating semantic contents by using Web 2. 0 paradigms Creation of Semantic as side effect of working processes (semantic wikis) www. sti-innsbruck. at 50 50

Gartner Hype Curve Gartner, July 2007 www. sti-innsbruck. at 51 51

Web 2. 0 and the Semantic Web 2. 0 and Semantic Web are complementary approaches 1. Semantic Blogging 2. Semantic Wikis • Semantic Media. Wiki 3. Web 2. 0 ontology building • my. Ontology 4. Games for semantic content creation • Onto. Game www. sti-innsbruck. at 52 52

Semantic Blogging • • • Creating blog entries in a structured fashion Based on ontologies This allows: – Acquiring complementary information from the Web – Finding blog entries better www. sti-innsbruck. at 53 53

Semantic Wikis • • A semantic wiki is a wiki that has an underlying model of the knowledge described in its pages. Regular, or syntactic, wikis have structured text and untyped hyperlinks. Semantic wikis, on the other hand, allow the ability to capture or identify information about the data within pages, and the relationships between pages, in ways that can be queried or exported like database data. Wikis: – – – Platypus wiki Ike. Wiki Kiwi Wiki. Factory Semantic Media. Wiki www. sti-innsbruck. at 54 54

Semantic Wikipedia: Advantages Structured Knowledge can be exported (in RDF) • New Web 2. 0 Applications are possible • Reusing of knowledge beyond languege borders • Aggregated Search over more than one site • Quality: Finding of mistakes and conflicts – Has every country a capital city? – Is every person born before dying? – Does the population density match to population and area? Based on Völkl, Vrandecic and colleagues. www. sti-innsbruck. at 55 55

Semantic Wiki = Wiki + Semantic Web • Semantic Media. Wiki: Extension of the Media. Wiki Software • Syntax extension allows typed links • Page Karlsruhe – Up to now: … in the south of [[Germany]] … – Now: … in the south of [[is in: : Germany]] … • Syntax extension allows annotaion of values • Page Karlsruhe – Up to now: … has a population of 280, 000 people. … – Now: … has a population of [[population: =280000]] people. Based on Völkl, Vrandecic and colleagues. www. sti-innsbruck. at 56 56

Semantic Media. Wiki Based on Völkl, Vrandecic and colleagues. www. sti-innsbruck. at 57 57

What is located in California? Based on Völkl, Vrandecic and colleagues. www. sti-innsbruck. at 58 58

Web 2. 0 ontology building • • Make use of various Web 2. 0 paradigms to capture knowledge required for ontologies Lower entrance barriers for users Usually emphasis on collaboration Ontologies as community contracts Methods for consensus finding Visualization of ontologies Examples: – Ontology editor based on SMW – Myontology – Soboleo (image annotation) www. sti-innsbruck. at 59 59

Ontology editor for Semantic Media. Wiki • Produced in ACTIVE project www. sti-innsbruck. at 60 60

Semantic Media Wiki – Ontology Editor • Ontology Element Management – Management of vocabularies, categories, properties, and elements – Enhanced user interface: tagcloud, forms, tree-view – Enriched content through external media (e. g. Flickr) • Knowledge Repair – Statistical analysis of knowledge within the wiki – Detection and correction of inconsistencies – Discovery of redundancies • Knowledge Import – Folksonomy import through mapping to the SKOS ontology www. sti-innsbruck. at 61 61

The create functionalities-category • Primary navigation • Create functionalities • Import functionalities • Knowledge repair • Media Wiki links • Introduction • Important links • Content overview • Tag Cloud www. sti-innsbruck. at 62

The create functionalities-category • Input form • Name • Description • Auto completion • Entity creation • Automatic annotations • Overview page www. sti-innsbruck. at 63

The create functionalities-category • Introduction • Input fields • Name • Vocabulary • See. Also • Synonym • Example • Description • Properties • New ones • Existing ones • Supercategories • Name analysis • Help fields www. sti-innsbruck. at 64

Knowledge repair-cycles, links, names • Comprehensive overview • Table with explanations • Table with min, avg, max values • Table with results for each category • Colored cells and symbols to indicate probable issues www. sti-innsbruck. at 65

Knowledge repair-cycles, links, names • Tab ´repair´ • Repair of a specific category • Explanations • Tables with numerical values • Paragraphs and lists www. sti-innsbruck. at 66

Knowledge repair-cycles, links, names www. sti-innsbruck. at 67

my. Ontology • Collaborative creation of ontologies • A tool which helps specialists and ontology experts to collaborate easily • My. Ontology uses the Web 2. 0 paradigm www. sti-innsbruck. at 68 68

my. Ontology Philosophy • • • Collaboration of specialists and ontology experts In first phase (until lightweight ontologies) High usability Integration and Reusing of web knowledge (Web 2. 0: Folksonomies, Flickr, You. Tube, Wikipedia, etc. ) „Background intelligence“ supports development team www. sti-innsbruck. at 69 69

Games for semantic content creation A prerequisite for the Semantic Web to become a reality is the availability of annotated data. Building the Semantic Web is not a one-time task, but a continuous effort. www. sti-innsbruck. at 70 70

Observation There are tasks that are easy for humans but difficult for computers Cf. Von Ahn Not all the tasks on the Semantic Web can be automated. Some at least partly require human intelligence. www. sti-innsbruck. at 71 71

Web 2. 0 is Hot, Semantic Web is Not. Why? • Web 2. 0 applications enjoy great popularity • The Kuznetsov, 2004) • Incentives for incentive structures are clear (Marlow et al. , 2006; ontology building, ontology alignment, and semantic annotation have not been investigated so far www. sti-innsbruck. at 72 72

The Onto. Game Idea and Principles Make people weave the Semantic Web by playing cool multi-player online games. 1. 2. 3. Fun and intellectual challenge Consensus Massive content generation www. sti-innsbruck. at 73 73

10 Challenges 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Identifying suitable tasks in semantic content creation Designing games Designing a usable, attractive interface Identifying suitable knowledge corpora Preventing cheating Defusing typical pitfalls of conceptual modeling Distribution of labor Fostering user participation Deriving formal representations Scalability and performance www. sti-innsbruck. at 74 74

The. Onto. Game Series www. sti-innsbruck. at 75 75

Features • Players paired randomly and anonymously • Best strategy to get points: truthful answers • Live mode, single player mode, chess mode (remote) • Skip • Limited amount of time • Cheating: – Anonymity – Pre-recorded challenges • Generic gaming platform • Derive formal representations of the data www. sti-innsbruck. at 76 76

Onto. Pronto: Creating a Huge Domain Ontology www. sti-innsbruck. at 77 77

Onto. Tube: Annotating You. Tube videos www. sti-innsbruck. at 78 78

SUMMARY www. sti-innsbruck. at 79 79

Summary • • • The Web has undergone change from „Web 1. 0“ to „Web 2. 0“. Web 2. 0 stands for more user interaction, the change from consumers to prosumers, the programmable Web, collaboration, easy interfaces, etc. This movement has triggered enormous user participation. Many tools provide strong incentives to their users, however, often at an expense of loss of privacy resulting from sharing of the data. Social Semantic Web approaches combile parts of Web 2. 0 with semantics. Examples include Semantic Wikis, Semantic blogs, games for semantic content creation, etc. The information solicited with Web 2. 0 is accessible in the semantic way via SPARQL endpoints, APIs e. g. Google Knowledge Graph Search, Facebook Graph Search, etc. www. sti-innsbruck. at 80 80

REFERENCES www. sti-innsbruck. at 81 81

References • Mandatory reading: – http: //oreilly. com/web 2/archive/what-is-web-20. html www. sti-innsbruck. at 82 82

References • Further reading: – http: //social. semantic-web. at/index. php/Main_Page – Auer, S. , Bizer, C. , Müller, C. , Zhdanova, A. V. (Eds. ), 2007. The Social Semantic Web, Bonner Köllen Verlag, Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI), Vol. 113, September 2007. – S. Braun, A. Schmidt, A. Walter, G. Nagypal, and V. Zacharias. Ontology maturing: A collaborative web 2. 0 approach to ontology engineering, May 8 2007. – S. E. Campanini, P. Castagna, and R. Tazzoli. Platypus wiki: a semantic wiki web. pages 16, December 10 2004. – Peter Mika. Ontologies are us: A unified model of social networks and semantics. volume LNCS 3729. Springer, 2005. – S. Schaffert. Ikewiki: A semantic wiki for collaborative knowledge management. June 2006. – K. Siorpaes, M. Hepp, A. Klotz, and M. Hackl. myontology: Tapping the wisdom of crowds for building ontologies. Technical report, STI Innsbruck Technical Report, 2008. – K. Siorpaes and M. Hepp. Games with a purpose for the semantic web. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 23(3): 5060, 2008. – M. Völkel, M. Krötzsch, Denny Vrandecic, and H. Haller. Semantic wikipedia. May 23 -26, 2006. www. sti-innsbruck. at 83 83

References • Wikipedia links: – http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Social_Semantic_Web – http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Web_2. 0 www. sti-innsbruck. at 84 84

Next Lecture # Title 1 Introduction 2 Semantic Web Architecture 3 Resource Description Framework (RDF) 4 Web of data 5 Generating Semantic Annotations 6 Storage and Querying 7 Web Ontology Language (OWL) 8 Rule Interchange Format (RIF) 9 Reasoning on the Web 10 Ontologies 11 Social Semantic Web 12 Semantic Web Services 13 Tools 14 Applications www. sti-innsbruck. at 85

Questions? www. sti-innsbruck. at 86 86