Selfefficacy Albert Bandura 1977 1991 1995 1997 1977

Self-efficacy Albert Bandura, 1977, 1991, 1995, 1997 1977: Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change 1991: Self-Regulation of Motivation through Anticipatory and Self-Reactive Mechanisms 1995: Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies 1997: Self-efficacy: The exercise of control

Content of the Presentation �Bandura: Theory of motivation �Self-efficacy: Definition �Context (work) �Czech Teachers´ Self-efficacy �Discussion

Theory of motivation (Bandura: Social Cognitive Theory) Developmentally: �Biological forces �Social incentives �Cognitive sources (Bandura, Nebraska Sympozium on Motivation, 1990) �We focus on adult life and cognitive sources of motivation (Self-efficacy)

Self-efficacy �Concept of behavioral change based on the extent or strength of one's belief in one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals

Context: Work life Sources of Self-efficacy �Mastery performance/experiences (success = higher S-E; failure = lower S-E; motivation can or not copy the S-E development…) �Vicarious experience/Social modeling �Social persuasion �Psychological responses

Czech School System – brief overview �Preschools (from 2 to 6/7 years old) �Elementary (from 6/7 to 11/12 years old, mandatory) �Lower Secondary (from 11/12 to 15/16 years old, mandatory) �High schools, grammar schools, colleges and training colleges, vocational schools �Universities – bachelor degree, master degree, postgradual studies (Ph. D. )

Czech Teacher´s Self-efficacy �Students 19 – 25 years (approx. ) �Majority of women for both elementary and lower secondary levels (so called „feminism“ in Czech schools of lower levels in ISCED classification 0, 1, 2) �Adulthood – postponed (Adolescence in many students lasts until 22 resp. 23 years of age) �Young Adulthood x generativity in Middle Adulthood

Czech Teacher´s Self-efficacy �Czech teachers are mostly women: Why? - Low prestige of the occupation - Parental pressure on „quality“ (without expert knowledge) - Low-paid job - But: long holidays, „free“ afternoons (mothers)

Czech Teacher´s Self-efficacy �Education: ◦ University education for both levels (elementary and lower secondary) ◦ Practice: lead-in practice; continuous practice ◦ Lack of deeper reflexion of practice ◦ Lack of In-training program for young ncipient teachers (my research findings – interviews with young teachers; other authors have similar findings)

Self-efficacy: Differences between Elementary and Lower Sec. teachers �Elementary teachers: ◦ Freer approach allowed for in the system ◦ Time management of classes allow for innovation and professional growth ◦ Didactic freedom and „teacher-helpful“ specific age of children

Self-efficacy: Differences between Elementary and Lower Sec. teachers Systemic obstacles to professional growth � Lower secondary teachers: ◦ Traditional division of classes ◦ Traditional organization and methods (no time for effective communication and cooperative methods) ◦ Perceived „difficult age“ of pupils ◦ Innovations: non-systemic; non-systematic (major view) �Frequent changes �too many innovations �too little time (and edu) for implementation

Self-efficacy research (Elementary and Lower Sec. Teachers) �N =50/max. 150 (teachers from Liberec region � 78 -statement questionnaire; 6 variables �Expert validity; Cronb. Alfa > 0, 80 �Factor analysis for „Communication“ = ◦ Com. A = empathetic listening ◦ Com. B = courageous communication ◦ Com. C = comprehensibillity of speech

Variables �Proactivity �Vision �Time Management �Win-Win approach (solving problems) �Communication (Com. A, Com. B, Com. C) �Self-reneval/Self-recovery

Findings Mean Valid N Lower Sec Elementary t-value p Lower Sec Elementary Proactivity 5, 08 5, 58 -3, 03 0, 003 27 23 Vision 4, 99 5, 55 -2, 96 0, 004 27 23 Time 5, 06 5, 52 -2, 45 0, 018 27 23 Win-Win 5, 14 5, 49 -1, 83 0, 072 27 23 Com. A 5 5, 52 -1, 84 0, 071 27 23 Com. B 4, 38 4, 68 -1, 23 0, 225 27 23 Com. C 4, 11 4, 36 -1, 86 0, 069 27 23 Self 4, 59 5, 2 -2, 57 0, 013 27 23

…more findings next time… �We will look at 7 habits of successful people and see the link between selfefficacy and the habits HAVE A GREAT TIME EVERYBODY