SELF AND PERSONALITY CONCEPT OF SELF SELF Our

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SELF AND PERSONALITY

SELF AND PERSONALITY

CONCEPT OF SELF

CONCEPT OF SELF

. SELF Our interaction with other people Refers to the totality our experiences, of

. SELF Our interaction with other people Refers to the totality our experiences, of an individual’s and the meaning conscious we give to them experiences, ideas, serve as the basis thoughts and feelings with regard to himself Self can be understood as a subject as well as an object; dual status of self

Self as Subject The self actively engages in Self as Object The self gets

Self as Subject The self actively engages in Self as Object The self gets observed and the process of knowing itself comes to be known Personal identity Social identity Refers to those attributes of a Refers to those aspects of a person that make her/him person that link her/him to a different from others social or cultural group or are 4 derived from it

COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS OF SELF

COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS OF SELF

SELF CONCEPT he way we perceive ourselves SELF ESTEEM As persons we always make

SELF CONCEPT he way we perceive ourselves SELF ESTEEM As persons we always make some nd the ideas we hold about our judgment about our own value or ompetencies and attributes ither positive or negative worth. This value judgment of a person about himself is called selfesteem. By the age of 6 to 7 years, children seem to have formed self esteem at least in four areas

SELF ESTEEM Children with high academic Children with low self-esteem in all self-esteem perform

SELF ESTEEM Children with high academic Children with low self-esteem in all self-esteem perform better in areas are often found to display schools anxiety, depression, and increasing antisocial behaviour

SELF-EFFICACY ▸ People differ in the extent to which they believe they themselves control

SELF-EFFICACY ▸ People differ in the extent to which they believe they themselves control their life outcomes children and adults learned behaviour ▸ Based on Bandura’s social learning theory by observing & imitating others ▸ A strong sense of self-efficacy allows people to select, influence, and even construct the circumstances of their own life.

SELF-REGULATION ▸ Refers to our ability to organise and monitor our own behaviour. ▸

SELF-REGULATION ▸ Refers to our ability to organise and monitor our own behaviour. ▸ People, who are able to change their behaviour according to the demands of the external environment, are high on selfmonitoring.

SELF CONTROL ▸ Learning to delay or defer the gratification of needs is called

SELF CONTROL ▸ Learning to delay or defer the gratification of needs is called self-control. ▸ Plays a key role in the fulfilment of long-term goals Psychological techniques of self-control: 1. Observation of own behaviour 2. Self-instruction 10 3. Self-reinforcement

CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY

CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY

PERSONALITY ▸ Derived from the Latin word persona ▸ Refers to our characteristic ways

PERSONALITY ▸ Derived from the Latin word persona ▸ Refers to our characteristic ways of responding to individuals and situations ▸ Consistency in behaviour, thought and emotion of an individual across situations and across time periods characterises her/his personality 12

personality is characterised by the following features components : 1. Its expression in terms

personality is characterised by the following features components : 1. Its expression in terms of behaviour is fairly unique in a given individual. 2. Its main features do not easily change with time. 3. It is dynamic 13

MAJOR APPROACHES TO STUDY PERSONALITY

MAJOR APPROACHES TO STUDY PERSONALITY

PERSONALITY-RELATED TERMS ▸ Temperament Biologically based characteristic way of reacting. ▸ Trait Stable, persistent

PERSONALITY-RELATED TERMS ▸ Temperament Biologically based characteristic way of reacting. ▸ Trait Stable, persistent and specific way of behaving ▸ Disposition Tendency of a person to react to a given situation in a particular way ▸ Character The overall pattern of regularly occurring behaviour ▸ Habit ▸ Values 15 Over learned modes of behaving Goals and ideals that are considered important and worthwhile to achieve

TYPE APPROACHES ▸ Each behavioural pattern refers to one type in which individuals are

TYPE APPROACHES ▸ Each behavioural pattern refers to one type in which individuals are placed in terms of the similarity of their behavioural characteristics with that pattern ▸ Personality types are used to represent and communicate a set of expected behaviours based on 16 similarities

TYPOLOGY HIPPOCRATES BASED ON REMARK Fluid or humour Classified people into four types TYPOLOGY

TYPOLOGY HIPPOCRATES BASED ON REMARK Fluid or humour Classified people into four types TYPOLOGY (sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric) CHARAK Tridosha SAMHITA Classifies people into the categories of vata, pitta and Kapha ENDOMORPHIC, Body build and 1. Endomorphs : fat & round, sociable MESOMORPHIC, temperament 2. Mesomorphs: strong body, energetic ECTOMORPHIC 3. Ectomorphs : thin, long and fragile, TYPOLOGY 17 brainy, introvert

JUNG’S INTROVERTS & EXTRAVERTS TYPOLOGY 1. People who prefer to be alone, tend to

JUNG’S INTROVERTS & EXTRAVERTS TYPOLOGY 1. People who prefer to be alone, tend to avoid Introvertsare: others 2. Withdraw themselves in the face of emotional conflicts, and are shy Extravertsare : 1. Sociable, Outgoing 2. React to stress by trying to lose themselves among people and social

FRIEDMAN AND ROSENMAN TOPOLOGY classified individuals into Type-A and Type-B personalities TYPE A Suggested

FRIEDMAN AND ROSENMAN TOPOLOGY classified individuals into Type-A and Type-B personalities TYPE A Suggested by Morris • High motivation, lack patience, TYPE B • Cooperative, Recently Suggested TYPE D • More susceptible to Absence of unassertive and Characterised problems like Type-A traits patient. , suppress by proneness hypertension and their negative to depression coronary heart disease emotions (CHD) • Prone to cancer 19

TRAIT APPROACHES ▸ Mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of

TRAIT APPROACHES ▸ Mainly concerned with the description or characterisation of basic components of personality ▸ Include a range of possible behaviours that are activated according to the demands of the situation ▸ Considered as a relatively enduring attribute or quality on which one individual differs from another 20

TRAIT APPROACHES 21 Relatively Generally Their strengths and stable over consistent across combinations vary

TRAIT APPROACHES 21 Relatively Generally Their strengths and stable over consistent across combinations vary time situations across individuals

Five-Factor Model of Personality Openness to experience Conscientiousness Neuroticism 22 Extraversion Agreeableness

Five-Factor Model of Personality Openness to experience Conscientiousness Neuroticism 22 Extraversion Agreeableness

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH q This view owes largely to the contributions of Sigmund Freud q

PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH q This view owes largely to the contributions of Sigmund Freud q Freud used free association, dream analysis, and analysis of errors to understand the internal functioning of the mind

Levels of Consciousness 1. Conscious, includes the Structure of Personality 1. Id works on

Levels of Consciousness 1. Conscious, includes the Structure of Personality 1. Id works on the pleasure principle, thoughts, feelings and actions of energised by two instinctual forces, which people are aware called life instinct and death instict. 2. Preconscious, includes The instinctual life force that energises mental activity of which people may become aware only if they attend to it closely 3. Unconscious, includes mental the id is called libido. 2. Ego grows out of id, works by the reality principle. 3. Superego tells the id and the ego activity that people are unaware whether gratification in a particular of. instance is ethical

EGO DEFENCE MECHANISMS Defence mechanism is a way of reducing anxiety by distorting reality

EGO DEFENCE MECHANISMS Defence mechanism is a way of reducing anxiety by distorting reality Kinds of defence mechanisms 1. Repression People repress a feeling or desire, they become totally unaware of that wish or desire. 2. Projection People attribute their own traits to others. 3. Denial 4. A person totally refuses to accept reality A person defends against anxiety by adopting Reaction formation behaviours opposite to her/his true feelings 5. Rationalisation A person tries to make unreasonable feelings or 25 behaviour seem reasonable and acceptable.

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OEDIPUS COMPLEX ▸ Experienced by male child ▸ Involves love for the mother, hostility

OEDIPUS COMPLEX ▸ Experienced by male child ▸ Involves love for the mother, hostility towards the father ▸ Major developmental achievement of this stage is the resolution of the Oedipus complex ELECTRA COMPLEX ▸ Experienced by girl child ▸ By attaching her love to the father a girl tries to symbolically marry him and raise a family ▸ The critical component in resolving the Oedipus complex is the development of identification with the same sex parents

POST-FREUDIAN APPROACHES ▸ Carl Jung : Aims and Aspirations Alfred Adler : Lifestyle and

POST-FREUDIAN APPROACHES ▸ Carl Jung : Aims and Aspirations Alfred Adler : Lifestyle and Social interest Personality consists of competing Human behaviour is purposeful forces and structures within the and goal directed individual ▸ Karen Horney : Optimism Psychological disorders were caused by disturbed interpersonal 28 relationship during childhood Erich Fromm : The Human Concern Ego identity is granted a central place in this process

CRITICISM OF PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH Lack a rigorous scientific basis Concepts are not properly defined

CRITICISM OF PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH Lack a rigorous scientific basis Concepts are not properly defined 29 Use of small and atypical individuals as samples for advancing generalisations Freud overlooked female experiences and perspectives

BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH Does not give Definable, The structural importance to observable, and unit of

BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH Does not give Definable, The structural importance to observable, and unit of the internal Measurable data personality is the dynamics of are used response. behaviour Personality can be best understood as the response of an individual to the environment

CULTURAL APPROACH Considers personality as an adaptation of individuals or groups to the demands

CULTURAL APPROACH Considers personality as an adaptation of individuals or groups to the demands of their ecology and culture. Group’s ‘economic maintenance system’ plays a vital role in the origin of cultural and behavioural variations People’s skills, abilities, behavioural styles, and value priorities are viewed as strongly linked to the climatic conditions, the nature of terrain of the habitat and the availability of food

HUMANISTIC APPROACH 1. Mainly developed in response to Freud’s theory 2. Carl Rogers and

HUMANISTIC APPROACH 1. Mainly developed in response to Freud’s theory 2. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have particularly contributed People have a Fulfilment is the motivating force for personality development There is an inborn tendency to tendency among maximise self- persons that directs concept them to actualise through their inherited self- nature actualisation.

ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY

ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY

Refers to the procedures Goal of assessment is to used to evaluate or understand

Refers to the procedures Goal of assessment is to used to evaluate or understand predict differentiate people on behaviour with the basis of certain minimum error and characteristics Assessment Most commonly used techniques are Psychometric Tests, Self-Report Measures, Projective Techniques, and 34 Behavioural Analysis. maximum accuracy A formal effort aimed at understanding personality of an individual is termed as personality assessment

SELF-REPORT MEASURES ▸ Allport who suggested that the best method to assess a person

SELF-REPORT MEASURES ▸ Allport who suggested that the best method to assess a person is by asking her/him about herself/himself. ▸ Fairly structured measures ▸ Method requires the subject to objectively report her/his own feelings with respect to various items ▸ Scored in quantitative terms 35

SOME OF THE WELL KNOWN SELF-REPORT MEASURES The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) :

SOME OF THE WELL KNOWN SELF-REPORT MEASURES The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) : Hathaway & Mc. Kinley 1. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) Found very effective in identifying varieties of A. Developed by Eysenck psychopathology B. Assessed 3 dimensions Sixteen Personality Factor of personality Questionnaire (16 PF) -by Cattell • Introverted-extraverted 1. • Emotionally stable- The subject responds to a specific emotionally unstable situation by choosing from a set of 36 given alternatives. • Psychoticism

PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES ▸ Indirect methods of assessment, were developed to assess unconscious motives and

PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES ▸ Indirect methods of assessment, were developed to assess unconscious motives and feelings ▸ Based on the assumption that a less structured or unstructured stimulus or situation will allow the individual to project her/his feelings, desires and needs on to that situation ▸ Require qualitative analyses for which a rigorous 37 training is needed

SOME WELL KNOWN PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES The Rorschach Thematic Inkblot Test Apperception Test Draw-a-Person (TAT)

SOME WELL KNOWN PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES The Rorschach Thematic Inkblot Test Apperception Test Draw-a-Person (TAT) Test Rosenzweig’s Picture- Sentence Frustration Study Completion Test (P-F Study) 38

BEHAVIOURAL ANALYSIS ▸ A person’s behaviour in a variety of situations can provide us

BEHAVIOURAL ANALYSIS ▸ A person’s behaviour in a variety of situations can provide us with meaningful information about her/his personality. ▸ Observation of behaviour serves as the basis of behavioural analysis ▸ An observer’s report may contain data obtained from interview, observation , ratings, nomination, 39 and situational tests

Different. INTERVIEW Methods used in Behavioural Analysis OBSERVATION Involves talking to the person being

Different. INTERVIEW Methods used in Behavioural Analysis OBSERVATION Involves talking to the person being assessed Professional training required and asking specific questions for collection of useful data Diagnostic interviewing generally involves in- Maturity of the psychologist is depth interviewing which seeks to go beyond a precondition for obtaining the replies given by the person valid data In unstructured interviews the interviewer Mere presence of the observer seeks to develop an impression about a person may contaminate the results. by asking a number of questions The structured interviews address very 40

BEHAVIOURAL RATINGS NOMINATION SITUATIONAL TESTS Situational stress test is Used in educational & Often

BEHAVIOURAL RATINGS NOMINATION SITUATIONAL TESTS Situational stress test is Used in educational & Often used in obtaining industrial settings peer Assessment Taken from people who Used with persons who Provides the information know the assessee know each other very about how a person intimately well behaves under stress The traits should be Found to be highly clearly defined 41 dependable the most commonly used test 0 f this kind The person is instructed to play a role for which s/he is observed.