SELECTIVE BREEDING Hybridization vs Inbreeding biotechnology Hunters in

SELECTIVE BREEDING (Hybridization vs. Inbreeding; biotechnology)

• Hunters in the 1800’s needed a hunting dog that was big, strong, fast, and aggressive • However, no dog like this existed at that time • They knew of two species of dogs, each with some of the desired qualities • Can they somehow combine the two into one?

Big and strong, but lacked speed and aggression Fast and aggressive, but lacked size Big, strong, fast, and aggressive

Why use selective breeding? • Humans use selective breeding, which takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation, to pass wanted traits on to the next generation of organisms • What ways can humans selectively breed plants or animals?

Polyploid Plants and Fruits

The Great Famine killed millions of people in Ireland that depended on Irish potatoes as a staple to get them through the winter. Luther Burbank developed a new Irish potato that did not get blight. This potato Was sent to Ireland. Irish Potato Famine 1845 -1851

2 Types of Selective Breeding Hybridization • Crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both worlds • American botanist Luther Burbank selectively bred 800 plants, called varieties • Many varieties can be found in your supermarket! • Bred for size, disease resistance, flowering, taste, color and a variety of other reasons based on preference Inbreeding • Crossing breeds of individuals with similar characteristics • Maintains traits of that breed (purebreds) • Risky – increases chance for mutation since individuals are very genetically similar to each other

Place in notes! 1. List the 2 types of selective breeding. 2. Who was Luther Burbank? How did he help Ireland using selective breeding? 3. Define polyploid plants 4. Why are polyploid plants desirable in the florist business and farming? 5. Why would polyploid, extra numbers of chromosomes, not work in animals?

Inbreeding • Inbreeding uses two genetically similar organisms, each being “the best of the best” • Dog breeds are maintained by inbreeding • Characteristics that are unique to each breed are preserved • Very prevalent in cattle farming – gives farmers the best possible livestock • Also can be very dangerous if two individuals have an underlying mutation

Designer Doggies • Aussiedoodle Australian shepherd x Poodle • Cavapoo Cavalier King Charles x Poodle • Cheagle Chihuahua x Beagle

Problems with Inbreeding in Dogs List 4 problems Associated with Inbreeding dogs. (Place in your notes)

Inbreeding Problems List 3 additional Problems that can Happen due to Inbreeding in dogs. (Place in notes!)

Hybridization • Hybridization occurs in both plants and animals • Creating hybrid plants is different than creating hybrid animals • Animals can be sterile if their chromosome number is odd, or if there are too many mutations that occur when they breed naturally (rarely occurs in the wild) • Plants can be bred easily by gardeners or botanists • Many crops today are hybrids (can sometimes occur naturally in the wild)

List 4 characteristics of hybridized plants (Place in notes!)

Genetically-Engineered Hybrid Plants (List 4 ex. of GE Plants in notes) • You have probably eaten many GE plants without realizing it. Examples include: • Seedless grapes/ watermelons • Bananas, which commonly have polyploidy (extra sets of chromosomes – stronger, bigger) • Corn – modern corn was selectively bred from teosinte at least 6, 000 years ago

Can you guess these hybrid fruits? • Limequats – Lime x Kumquat • Tangelo – Tangerine x Pomelo

Pineberries look like smallish strawberries in size and shape, but are white in color and studded with red seeds. They taste and smell like pineapples but have the same genetic makeup as a strawberry. They are a product of crossbreeding, not genetic engineering

Hybridization • Hybridized animals are called hybrids • Can you identify these hybrids? Why would a farmer what to breed a buffalo and a cow?

Horse + Donkey=Mule (sterile) Why are mules so desirable as work animals?

Canis lupus (gray wolf) Canis latrans (coyote) Canis rufus (red wolf) Canis familiaries (dog)

tiger +lion = liger (What purpose do ligers serve? )

Sheep + goat = geep What purpose Do these hybrid Animals serve? Are they sterile? Horse + zebra=Zorse (sterile)

Induced Mutation • How? Chemicals and Radiation • Why? Increase Variation (Place in notes!)

(Place in notes!)

List 4 ways plants (crops) can be modified. (Place in notes!)

Gel Electrophorsis

List the sequence of DNA Fingerprinting in your notes!

Gel Electro/phore/sis 1. What role does the gel play in gel electrophoresis? 2. What role does the electro (electricity) play in this process? 3. What role does the phore (pores) play in gel electrophoresis? 4. Give another name for gel electrophoresis.

1. What is the name of the enzyme responsible for cutting the DNA into fragments? 2. Are all the DNA fragments the same length? 3. What pushes the DNA fragments through the gel? 4. Which DNA fragment (short or long) do you think would move through the gel faster?

1. How did the mixture of DNA get to so many different sizes? 2. Is DNA a positive or negative charged molecule? 3. The starting line, so to speak, is at the wells. Can you identify the wells? 4. The DNA fragments of different sizes migrate toward the ____ end. 5. Are the fragments shorter or longer near the wells? At the end?

How many lanes do you see? Can you identify the top from the bottom? The fragments at the top are they longer or shorter than at the bottom?

Can you identify which suspect was at the crime scene? *What does the 70, 60, 50, etc. mean? *What do you thing Std. stands for above lane 1? How about CS 1 and CS 2? *Who was at the crime scenes?

1. Remember a child is made up of _____% of mom’s DNA and _____% of dad’s DNA. 2. Whose the babies daddy? 3. How is “dad 1” related to mom? Look closely!

Do you understand how to determine a childs mom and dad? Explain why there is only one band in lane two? What does digested mean?

1. 2. 3. 4. Whose blood is at the crime scene? Whose hair is at the crime scene? Would the DNA be the same in hair and blood? Does the suspect’s blood match the CS blood?

1. What does paternity mean? 2. Why would a paternity test be done? 3. Who is the babies daddy?

How is PCR used with gel electrophoresis?

Uses of DNA Fingerprinting (Place in Notes)

EOC Question Which technique would most likely be used by forensic scientists? A. gene cloning B. gene therapy C. DNA fingerprinting D. karyotyping Which deals with the transmission of inherited traits from one generation to another? A. anatomy B. genetics C. ecology D. forensics

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Biotechnology • Biotechnology - when scientists purposely change the genetic makeup of an organism (Ex: introduce a mutation) • Used in agriculture and medicine • Bacterial mutations A strain of bacteria has been developed that can digest oil to help clean oil spills Scientists are trying to produce bacteria to clean up radioactive waste

Combining DNA Fragments • Since DNA is a universal code, it can be combined from 2 or more sources • Changes the genetic composition of the living organism • This is called recombinant DNA • Can also be used to make proteins like human insulin, hepatitis B vaccine, and a clotting factor for hemophilia patients

Recombinant DNA (r. DNA)

Questions About Previous Slides 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Define recombinant DNA List 4 products made by r. DNA. Define plasmid – Where are plasmids found? What is the purpose of “sticky ends”? What process is used to produce human insulin?

1. Name 4 products produced by r. DNA (recombinant DNA). 2. Can you identify a plasmid? 3. What is inserted into the bacterial plasmid?

EOC Question Which is a step in the process of producing transgenic bacteria? A. A plasmid is used to replace a faulty gene in a human cell. B. A chain of bacterial amino acids is inserted into human DNA. C. A human gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmid. D. A mutation is produced in a bacterial cell.

Recombinant DNA & Human Health • Scientists can develop recombinant DNA to produce human antibodies to fight disease • Can also make proteins engineered in transgenic sheep and pigs’ milk to be used in disease prevention • Can treat diseases caused by protein deficiency 1. Do you know of a disease/disorder caused by protein deficiency?

Genetically Modified Animals • 30% of milk in US comes from cows injected with hormones to increase milk production • Pigs – produce more lean meat or high levels of healthy omega-3 acids • Salmon – faster growth to produce more fish • Scientists in Canada combined spider genes into lactating goats – produced silk along with their milk. Silk was extracted and used to make military uniforms, medical sutures, and tennis racket strings

1. What is biosteel made from? 2. What process produces biosteel? 3. What does the spider and the goat have to do with each other? 4. Is this a lactating goat? Why does that matter in the production of biosteel?

What does GFP stand for?

What gene did man remove from the chicken to make Them featherless?

Above plant inserted with glow gene. Glow fish, new pet fish for home aquariums that glows under UV light. .

How do you think our chickens are so much bigger present day?

Transgenic Organisms • Scientists find specific genes and can add them to any organism • Organisms with genes from other species are called transgenic organisms • Ex: Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP) in cats • Cat with the GFP is red under UV light, while a normal cat glows green • How did they do that…? http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v= YVd. LJ 78 RBWk

EOC Question Which is one reason scientists produce transgenic organisms? A. to create new species of organisms B. to control microorganisms in the soil C. to prevent habitats from being destroyed D. to treat certain types of diseases

Genetic Modification • If you’ve eaten corn, potatoes, or soy products this week, chances are you’ve eaten genetically modified (GM) food – it doesn’t have to be recorded on food labels! • Many plants are genetically modified • Resistance to insects, herbicides (weed killer), and viral infections • Resistance to rot or spoilage

Definitions 1. Transgenic organism – 2. Bt gene -

Cons What is the message from this poster?

EOC Question • When researchers wanted to field test geneticallyengineered bacteria that impede frost formation on plants, the test was vigorously resisted by certain groups of scientists. What might be the danger in releasing this genetically-engineered bacteria into the environment? A. The bacteria would soon die outside a protected laboratory environment. B. The bacteria would only work to protect certain plants. C. The bacteria would have no natural enemies to stop their spread. D. The bacteria could change the climate by preventing frost.

Golden Rice

Short Answer 1. Summarize why Golden Rice is such an important product of genetic engineering? 2. Summarize the purpose and design of bt crops like corn, bt cotton, bt soybeans, bt sugar beets, etc. 3. What is your opinion concerning Golden rice and bt corn?

Do these bacteria have the same genus and species?

Explain what you think this statement means?

Do you think foods containing or that are GM should have a labeled? Do you want to know if your food is GM? Explain your answer.

Cloning • A clone is a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

Genetic Modification Good or Bad? • Ideally, GM plants and animals could lead to better, less expensive, and more nutritious food as well as less-harmful manufacturing processes • Farmers and ranchers hope cloning will allow them to duplicate prize animals, providing better quality and more food to a rising population

Gene Therapy • Gene therapy – process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease/disorder • Bad gene is replaced with a good gene • 1 st – need a virus to transport the gene into the organism • 2 nd – patient’s cells are infected with the new gene, hopefully correcting the defect • Challenging part – Will it last long term? Will the virus DNA harm the patient?

Summary