Selected Theories of Word Meaning Reference Sense Mental

Selected Theories of Word Meaning Reference Sense Mental images Various lexical relations Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 154 -156.

Relationships between Words (Semantic) Synonyms Antonyms Homophones / Homonyms Hyponyms Heteronyms Polysemous words Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, pp. 156 -159.

Types of Antonyms Gradable Pairs more A means less B big/small hot/cold Complementary Pairs A = not B; B = not A alive/dead awake/asleep (Relative scale: small elephant/big mouse) Relational Pairs If X = Y’s A, then Y = X’s B teacher/student give/receive

Heteronyms ( 破音字 ) lead read dove bow rendezvous record articulate

Semantic Features of Words 1 person, woman, doctor, boy, engineer, baby +human doe, lady, sister, mare, her +female girl, actress, woman, aunt, wife, widow +human, +female child, baby, puppy, kitten +animate, +young

Speech Errors 1 Intended Utterance Actual Utterance (Error) bridge of the nose bridge of the neck when my gums bled when my tongues bled he came too late he came too early Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 160.

Speech Errors 2 Mary was young Mary was early lady with the dachshund lady with the Volkswagen a horse of another color a horse of another race he has to pay her alimony he has to pay her rent Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 160.

Thematic Roles Agent Theme (or Patient) Location Goal Source Instrument Experiencer (Causative) (Possessor) Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9 th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 165.

Thematic Roles in Chinese (SOME MARKERS—not all take markers) Agent Theme Location Goal Source Instrument Experiencer (Causative) (Possessor)

Thematic Roles in Chinese (SOME MARKERS—not all take markers) Agent Theme Location Goal Source Instrument Experiencer (Causative) (Possessor) 被 把 在 上 到 給 從 向 用　 讓　 etc 的　 [Passive only] 下 跟 左 右

Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 6) Semantic Ambiguity a. bank b. kind: noun vs. adjective c. sole d. drill; boring e. deed f. ruler g. can: noun vs. modal h. shop: noun vs. verb i. a woman: same woman OR different women j. make your own bed: idiom or not k. job vs. idiom l. marry; a Norwegian woman (same as i)

Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 9) 1 Semantic Features A. a & b +male, +animate a +human b –human B. a & b NOUNS ? a +count (countable) b –count (non-count; mass nouns) C. a & b NOUNS ? a +concrete b –concrete (abstract)

Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 9) 2 Semantic Features D. a & b +plant a trees b flowers E. a & b ? a written things/documents b writing instruments F. a & b motion VERBS a individual effort / without a vehicle b done with a vehicle

Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 9) 3 Semantic Features G. a & b speaking a no manner specified b particular manner specified H. a & b ANTONYMS a complementary b gradable I. a & b ADJECTIVES a “non-implicational” (Adj N may not be an N) b “implicational” (Adj N is an N)

Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 11) 1 Antonyms good expensive parent beautiful false lessor pass bad cheap offspring ugly true lessee fail g g r g c r c

Chapter on Meaning Homework (Ex 11) 2 Antonyms hot legal larger poor fast asleep husband rude cold illegal smaller rich slow awake wife polite g c r g

Chapter on Meaning Homework (9 th Edition: Ex 12) Hints a. c. e. g. i. bare praise sight plain mane b. d. f. h. j. lead byte pairs karat frees